We define a generalization of Mackey first countability and prove that it is equivalent to being docile. A consequence of
the main result is to give a partial affirmative answer to an old question of Mackey regarding arbitrary quotients of Mackey
first countable spaces. Some applications of the main result to spaces such as inductive limits are also given. 相似文献
Structures and properties of functionalised graphene were investigated using several derivatives of some small polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) taken as finite size models employing unrestricted density functional theory. The functionalisation reactions included fluorination or chlorination of all the edge carbon sites, addition of H, F or Cl atom, OH or OOH group at the different sites and addition of OH or OOH group at the different sites of the edge-halogenated PAHs. σ-inductive effects of fluorine and chlorine in the edge-fluorinated and edge-chlorinated PAHs, respectively, were found to affect electron density and molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) distributions significantly. σ-holes were located at the MEP surfaces along the CH and CCl bonds of the unmodified and edge-chlorinated PAHs, respectively. The H and F atoms and the OH group were found to add to all the carbon sites of PAHs exothermically, while addition of the Cl atom and the OOH group was found to be exothermic at a few carbon sites and endothermic at the other carbon sites. Enhanced electron densities at the edge carbon sites of the PAHs and binding energies of adducts of H and F atoms and the OH group at these sites were found to be linearly correlated. 相似文献
Lysine methylation can modify noncovalent interactions by altering lysine's hydrophobicity as well as its electronic structure. Although the ramifications of the former are documented, the effects of the latter remain largely unknown. Understanding the electronic structure is important for determining how biological methylation modulates protein−protein binding, and the impact of artificial methylation experiments in which methylated lysines are used as spectroscopic probes and protein crystallization facilitators. The benchmarked first-principles calculations undertaken here reveal that methyl-induced polarization weakens the electrostatic attraction of amines with protein functional groups – salt bridges, hydrogen bonds and cation-π interactions weaken by as much as 10.3, 7.9 and 3.5 kT, respectively. Multipole analysis shows that weakened electrostatics is due to the altered inductive effects, which overcome increased attraction from methyl-enhanced polarizability and dispersion. Due to their fundamental nature, these effects are expected to be present in many cases. A survey of methylated lysines in protein structures reveals several cases in which methyl-induced polarization is the primary driver of altered noncovalent interactions; in these cases, destabilizations are found to be in the 0.6–4.7 kT range. The clearest case of where methyl-induced polarization plays a dominant role in regulating biological function is that of the PHD1-PHD2 domain, which recognizes lysine-methylated states on histones. These results broaden our understanding of how methylation modulates noncovalent interactions. 相似文献
Continuous and compact Toeplitz operators for positive symbols are characterized on the space of analytic functions with logarithmic growth on the open unit disc of the complex plane. The characterizations are in terms of the behaviour of the Berezin transform of the symbol. The space was introduced and studied by Taskinen. The Bergman projection is continuous on this space in a natural way, which permits to define Toeplitz operators. Sufficient conditions for general symbols are also presented. 相似文献
The synthesis and physicochemical properties of a range of 2‐ and 6‐amido‐3‐hydroxypyridin‐4‐ones are described. All the amido‐substituted 3‐hydroxypyridin‐4‐ones have lower pKa values than 1,2‐dimethyl‐3‐hydroxypyridin‐4‐one (deferiprone). This is due to the inductive effect of the amido group. Furthermore, the pKa values of the 3‐hydroxy group in 1‐nonsubstituted pyridinones are dramatically lower than those of the corresponding 1‐alkyl analogues, indicating that a strong hydrogen bond exists between the 2‐amido function and the 3‐oxygen anion, which stabilises the anion. As a result of the decreased competition with protons, the pFe3+ values of this group of molecules are higher than that of deferiprone. The distribution coefficients of these molecules are also increased despite the lack of a hydrophobic 1‐alkyl substituent and this is ascribed to the intramolecular hydrogen bond. X‐ray diffraction studies confirm the existence of the intramolecular hydrogen bond. 相似文献
The characteristics of initial layer formation in alkaline bath for Zn-Ni (12-15%) alloy electrodeposition on low carbon steel plates are detected in a nanometric thickness range by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), with both bulk sample and thin film on substrate correction procedure, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) and gracing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD). The Zn-Ni coatings were elaborated using either intensiostatic or potentiostatic mode. A preferential deposition of Ni, in the initial thin layer, is detected by these analyses; according to EPMA and GDOES measurements, a layer rich in nickel at the interface substrate/deposit is observed (90 wt.% Ni) and approved by GIXRD; the thin layer of Ni formed in the first moments of electrolysis greatly inhibits the Zn deposition. The initial layer depends upon the relative ease of hydrogen and metal discharge and on the different substrate surfaces involved. The electrodeposition of zinc-nickel alloys in the first stage is a normal phenomenon of codeposition, whereby nickel - the more noble metal - is deposited preferentially. 相似文献
Polydopamine‐based coatings are fabricated via an electric field‐accelerating and ‐directing codeposition process of polydopamine with charged polymers such as polycations, polyanions, and polyzwitterions. The coatings are uniform and smooth on various substrates, especially on those adhesion‐resistant materials including poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) membranes. Moreover, this electric field‐directed deposition method can be applied to facilely prepare Janus membranes with asymmetric chemistry and wettability.