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制冷空调系统替代工质的发展现状及方向 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
本文主要针对CFC11、CFC12以及HCFC22介绍了目前替代工质的发展现状,阐述了混合工质以及氨、二氧化碳、碳氢化合物等自然工质作为替代工质的特点以及其发展现状,总结了制冷空调系统替代工质的发展方向。 相似文献
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快递业竞争激烈,构建高效合理的航空货运网络是快递企业提高竞争力的重要手段。“枢纽—辐射”式航空货运网络是整合航空快递资源、提高航空快递资源利用效率、提高快递企业竞争力的有效模式。本文以降低航空快递网络成本、加快航空快递处理时间为目标,从航空快递网络枢纽的选取、指派关系的确定、枢纽个数的选择三个方面研究了航空快递网络模型建立问题,选用遗传算法求解不同枢纽个数下航空快递网络的运输成本,并据此进行枢纽的选取,运用重力模型法进行指派关系的确定,在此基础上运用超效率DEA模型确定枢纽个数。接着,以包含17个节点的顺丰航空快递网络的规划为例,对本文所提出的模型和算法进行了验证,验证结果证实了模型的合理性。本文的研究为快递企业构建航空货运网络提供了科学实用的方法,该方法的使用可以降低航空货运成本,提高效率,从而提高快递企业的竞争力。 相似文献
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Investigations of the catalytic properties of manganese oxides for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline media 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Fabio H.B. Lima Marcelo L. Calegaro Edson A. Ticianelli 《Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry》2006,590(2):152-160
The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) was studied in KOH electrolyte on different manganese oxides, dispersed on a carbon powder (MnOx/C). The oxides were prepared by different methods, for producing MnO, Mn3O4 and MnO2 as major phases dispersed on the Vulcan XC-72 carbon. The oxides were characterized by XRD (X-ray diffraction) and in situ XANES (X-ray absorption near edge structure). The electrochemical measurements were made using cyclic voltammetry and steady state polarization curves carried out in an ultra-thin layer rotating ring/disk electrode. The results have shown lower activity for the ORR on the MnOx/C species compared to that on Pt/C, but higher activity compared to that of pure Vulcan carbon. Formation of involving 2e− per O2 molecule is the main path of the ORR in the studied MnOx/C catalysts but, at low overpotentials and rotation rates the number of electrons is raised to 4 due to the occurrence of a disproportionation reaction. Large differences of electrocatalytic activity were seen for the different oxide species, and these were related to the presence of a Mn(IV) phase and the occurrence of a mediation processes involving the reduction of Mn(IV) to Mn(III), followed by the electron transfer of Mn(III) to oxygen. 相似文献
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Wet air oxidation(WAO), a liquid phase reaction between organic materials in water and oxygen, is one of the most economical and technologically viable advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment, particularly toxic and high organic content wastewater. WAO is the liquid phase oxidation of organics or oxidizable inorganic components at elevated temperatures(125–320 °C) and pressures(0.5–20 MPa) using gaseous oxygen(or air) as oxidant. In the past two decades, the WAO process was widely studied and applied in the treatment of dye wastewater. Compared to conventional WAO, catalytic WAO processes have higher efficiency and use moderate reaction conditions. The catalysts included homogenous and heterogeneous types. The key points that need to be solved are recycling of homogenous catalysts and better stability of heterogeneous catalysts. In the present review, the technological processes are first introduced, then some research history and hotspots of WAO research are presented, and finally, its application in the treatment of dye wastewater in the past two decades is summarized to reveal the impressive changes in modes, trends, and conditions used. The application includes model pollutant studies and wastewater tests. 相似文献
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