On-line analysis of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in air by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Improvements in preconcentration and injection steps

An analytical system composed of a cryofocusing trap injector device coupled to a gas chromatograph with mass spectrometric detection (CTI-GC–MS) specific for the on-line analysis in air of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons (VCHCs) (dichloromethane; chloroform; 1,1,1-trichloroethane; tetrachloromethane; 1,1,2-trichloroethylene; tetrachloroethylene) was developed. The cryofocusing trap injector was the result of appropriate low cost modifications to an original purge-and-trap device to make it suitable for direct air analysis even in the case of only slightly contaminated air samples, such as those from remote zones. The CTI device can rapidly and easily be rearranged into the purge-and-trap allowing water and air analysis with the same apparatus. Air samples, collected in stainless steel canisters, were introduced directly into the CTI-GC–MS system to realize cryo-concentration (at −120 °C), thermal desorption (at 200 °C) and for the subsequent analysis of volatiles. The operating phases and conditions were customised and optimized. Recovery efficiency was optimized in terms of moisture removal, cold trap temperature and sampling mass flow. The injection of entrapped volatiles was realized through a direct transfer with high chromatographic reliability (capillary column–capillary column). These improvements allowed obtaining limits of detection (LODs) at least one order of magnitude lower than current LODs for the investigated substances. The method was successfully employed on real samples: air from urban and rural areas and air from remote zones such as Antarctica.     

用DIS位移传感器研究气垫导轨上的阻尼振动

在简述阻尼振动实验原理的基础上,阐述了用DIS位移传感器研究气垫导轨上阻尼振动的方法,通过对比实验进一步论述了该方法的可行性.     

水中空气隔层衰减冲击波性能研究

 根据鱼雷对舰船毁伤的特点,建立了多介质水下爆炸数值模型,提出了交界面处理及广义光滑长度计算方法,编制了多介质水下爆炸计算程序,并对水下爆炸空气隔层衰减冲击波的性能进行了定量分析。结果表明：无论是接触爆炸还是非接触爆炸,空气隔层均可有效衰减冲击波,并且接触爆炸中空气隔层衰减冲击波的效果更好,最大可使冲击压力峰值降低约55%;空气隔层厚度与爆炸厚度之比为1时便可达到较好的衰减冲击波效果,继续增加空气隔层厚度对衰减冲击波效果影响不大。研究结果可为舰船结构防护及防雷舱的结构设计提供参考。     

基于图论和遗传算法的终端扇区划分方法

为了均衡终端区扇区的工作负荷,保障扇区边界的合理性,研究了终端扇区的划分方法.针对建立的扇区划分数学模型,提出了3阶段的划分方法.首先,采用voronoi图和遗传算法完成初始划分,实现均衡负荷的目标;其次,提出了基于voronoi图和基于maklink图的2种扇区二次划分方法,满足最小飞行时间及最小距离约束;最后,应用分段线性拟合的方法消除扇区边界的锯齿状,以及满足扇区凸形约束.以广州终端为例进行了仿真计算.应用提出的方法,给出了2种划分结果,都能够使得各扇区的工作负荷在2880s以内,差值不超过350s,扇区边界较为平滑,且计算时间明显减少.仿真计算结果说明方法是可行和有效的,也为使用者提供了灵活的选择.     

Anomalous spreading behaviour of polyethyleneglycoldistearate monolayers at air/water interface

Spreading behaviour of the dimeric surfactant polyethylene-glycoldistearate (PEGDS) monolayer at air/water interface has been studied using surface pressure-area (π-A) isotherms as a function of temperature. The isotherms show a plateau suggesting a transition between a liquid expanded (LE) and a condensed state. The condensed state possibly arises due to nucleation and growth of multilayers from the monolayer. Isobaric measurements of bothA-T and π-T at constant area show transitions atT = 295 K. These plots suggest a melting followed by formation of condensed microcrystallites. Structure optimization carried out using various angles of orientation of the alkyl tails with respect to the backbone in PEGDS reveals tilt transitions of the tails in different states which can be related to the packing behaviour seen in the isotherms. Optical microscopy has been used to confirm the structures in these states.     

Air Flow Computation around an Automated Guided Vehicle

An upwind finite element scheme for the incompressible viscous flow at a high Reynolds number was proposed by the fourth and fifth authors. The scheme has the potential to approximate the advection term in third-order accuracy. We apply it to a two-dimensional non-stationary analysis of airflows around an Automated Guided Vehicle (AGV), which starts with constant acceleration, runs at a constant speed and stops with constant deceleration. The results are at least qualitatively good and compatible with experimental ones.     

Internal flow numerical simulation of a cross‐flow fan in refrigerant operating condition using user‐defined functions

In the paper, a cross‐flow fan in refrigerant operating condition is systematically simulated using user‐defined functions. Three‐dimensional simulations are acquired with Navier–Stokes equations coupled with k–ε turbulence model, and internal flow characteristics of an indoor split‐type air conditioner are obtained, which is mainly composed of cross‐flow fan and heat exchanger. It has systematically been simulated in the isothermal flow condition that the performance of cross‐flow fan may be reduced easily with dry or humid air, and in the refrigerant operating condition in which user‐defined functions are applied to the humid air, considered as a mixture of dry air and vapor. A density‐modulated function is adopted to deal with the condensation of the vapor at the heat‐transfer region approximately. The results show flow mechanism of the two gas‐phase flow, including phase‐vary process. The distribution of the parameters is not uniform at the inlet of the machine, the intensity and position of pressure and velocity vary along the axial direction of the fan, the distribution of vapor volume fraction and turbulent intensity in heat‐transfer region is obtained, and the external characteristic data of the indoor machine are obtained and analyzed. Compared with the experimental data, the calculated characteristic curves and designed parameters are on target. © British Crown Copyright 2010/MOD. Reproduced with permission. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A facial approach to fabricate superhydrophobic aluminum surface

A facial chemical etching method was developed for fabricating superhydrophobic aluminum surfaces. The resultant surfaces were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle (WCA) measurement, and optical methods. The surfaces of the modified aluminum substrates exhibit superhydrophobicity, with a WCA of 154.8° ± 1.6° and a water sliding angle of about 5°. The etched surfaces have binary structure consisting of the irregular microscale plateaus and caves in which there are the nanoscale block‐like convexes and hollows. The superhydrophobicity of aluminum substrates occurs only in some structures in which the plateaus and caves are appropriately ordered. The resulted surfaces have good self‐cleaning properties. The results demonstrate that it is possible to construct superhydrophobic surface on hydrophilic substrates by tailoring the surface structure to providing more spaces to trap air. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Mn(OH)_2空气氧化反应实验与产物表征

锰属于ⅦＢ族元素 ,其价电子构型为 3ｄ54ｓ2 ,具有ｄ区元素多种氧化态的特征 ,它的氧化态表现有 + 2、+ 3、+ 4、+ 6、+ 7,锰系化合物的化学性质也是多种多样的。关于Ｍｎ(Ⅱ )的还原性已多见报道[1～ 3 ] ,在酸性介质中Ｍｎ2 + 比较稳定 ,需要强氧化剂才能将其氧化 ,而在碱性介质中Ｍｎ2 + 沉淀为Ｍｎ(ＯＨ)2 ,易被氧化 ,即使与空气接触也能被氧化成棕色的ＭｎＯ(ＯＨ)2 。2Ｍｎ(ＯＨ) 2 +Ｏ2 =2ＭｎＯ(ＯＨ) 2 ( 1 )作出上述结论的依据是Ｍｎ的标准电极电势图[3 ] :由标准电极电势图可见 ,在碱性条件下Ｏ2 有将Ｍｎ(ＯＨ) 2 氧化成ＭｎＯ…     

CO2 dial for monitoring atmospheric pollutants at the University of Calabria

Summary In this report we introduce the infrared lidar-dial apparatus developed at the University of Calabria. It has been carried out as a tool in the investigation of both the atmospheric pollution of trace gases and other atmospheric parameters as water vapour. The general scheme of the station is described, as well as the performances of the home-made CO₂ laser sources. Finally preliminary measurements of average concentration of ozone and water vapour over a range of about 3 km are presented and discussed in the report.