Dual Amperometric Immunosensor for Improving Cancer Metastasis Detection by the Simultaneous Determination of Extracellular and Soluble Circulating Fraction of Emerging Metastatic Biomarkers

This paper reports the development of a dual immunosensor using magnetic microcarriers (MBs) and amperometric transduction at dual screen‐printed carbon electrodes (SPdCEs) for the simultaneous determination of two biomarkers: interleukin‐13 receptor α2 (IL‐13Rα2) and E‐cadherin (E‐CDH), with both extracellular and soluble fraction; oncogenic and tumor suppressor markers, respectively, of great relevance in metastatic processes. The implemented methodology involved the formation of sandwich‐type immunocomplexes using specific capture antibodies immobilized onto carboxylic acid magnetic microbeads (HOOC‐MBs), and biotinylated detector antibodies labeled with streptavidin?horseradish peroxidase conjugates (Strep‐HRP). The amperometric detection was performed by addition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hydroquinone (HQ) as the redox mediator. The dual immunosensing platform provided linear calibration ranges suitable for the determination of both biomarkers in liquid and solid clinical specimens as well as excellent selectivity against other cancer biomarkers. This simple handling dual bioplatform was applied to the determination of the soluble and extracellular fraction of the target biomarkers in serum and paraffined‐embedded tissues from colorectal cancer (CRC) patients diagnosed at different tumor grade. The obtained results reveal great potential of this configuration to improve the reliability in diagnosing metastatic CRC.     

Voltammetric Label‐free Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis

Cystic echinococcosis (CE) or hydatid disease is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Early serodiagnosis and continuous monitoring of the disease is very important for medical treatment. Here, we report the detecting of both echinococcus antigen and antibody for the diagnosis of hydatid disease using square wave voltammetry (SWV)‐based immunosensors. The gold electrodes were functionalized using cysteamine/phenylene diisothiocyanate linkers and used for the immunosensors fabrication. The hydatid antigen and antibody immunosensors were constructed by the immobilization of either purified rabbit polyclonal antibody or recombinant antigen B (AgB), respectively on the functionalized gold electrodes surfaces. The detection in both cases was achieved by following the change in the SWV reduction peak current of the ferro/ferricyanide redox couple upon antibody or antigen binding. These immunosensors enabled the detection of echinococcus antigen and antibody within a concentration range of 1 pg.mL^?1 to 1 μg.mL^?1 with detection limits of 0.4 pg.mL^?1 and 0.3 pg.mL^?1, respectively. A preliminary application of the developed immunosensor was performed in spiked serum sample showing good recovery percentages ranging from 102 to 110 % for both hydatid antibody and antigen detection. This easy‐to‐use, sensitive, and low cost quantitative method holds great promise for the early diagnosis of hydatid disease and thus, better managements and treatment outcomes.     

Immunosensor for Detection of the Textile Dye Disperse Orange 1 Based on Non‐conventional Competitive Assay

Textile dyes appear as an important class of compounds that has become a matter of public concern and a serious challenge for scientists and environmentalists due to their large‐scale production and extensive application. In this work, a non‐conventional competitive‐type amperometric immunosensor was successfully developed for detection of the textile dye Disperse Orange 1 (DO1). The DO1 was magnetically captured and separated from the sample solution using magnetic particles (MP) functionalized with the antibody anti‐DO1 and with HRP and gold electrodes were modified with the conjugate DO1‐BSA. Molecules of DO1 immobilized on the electrode surface and DO1 captured by MP compete for antibody binding sites. As a result, the amperometric signal decreases with increasing target DO1 concentration at the capture step, because this decreases, the attachment between the HRP coated MP and the electrode. This strategy allowed us to determine DO1 at the low detection limit of 0.87 ng mL^?1 with great specificity. Also, there were good recoveries for detection of the textile dye in river water samples without the need of sample pre‐treatment. The competitive amperometric immunosensor shows applicability for the determination of small molecules that cannot be determined by conventional competitive or sandwich immunosensors.     

Mathematical Modelling of Glyphosate Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Microsensor with Multiple Phenomena

The massive and careless use of glyphosate (GLY) in agricultural production raises many questions regarding environmental pollution and health risks, it is then important to develop simple methods to detect it. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an effective analytical tool for characterizing properties at the electrode/electrolyte interface. It is useful as an analytical procedure, but it can also help in the interpretation of the involved fundamental electrochemical and electronic processes. In this study, the impedance data obtained experimentally for a microsensor based on molecularly imprinted chitosan graft on 4-aminophenylacetic acid for the detection of glyphosate was analyzed using an exact mathematical model based on physical theories. The procedure for modeling experimental responses is well explained. The analysis of the observed impedance response leads to estimations of the microscopic parameters linked to the faradic and capacitive current. The interaction of glyphosate molecules with the imprinted sites of the CS-MIPs film is observed in the high frequency range. The relative variation of the charge transfer resistance is proportional to the log of the concentration of glyphosate. The capacitance decreases as the concentration of glyphosate increases, which is explained by the discharging of the charged imprinted sites when the glyphosate molecule interacts with the imprinted sites through electrostatic interactions. The phenomenon of adsorption of the ions in the CMA film is observed in the low frequency range, this phenomenon being balanced by the electrostatic interaction of glyphosate with the imprinted sites in the CS-MIPs film.     

压电胰岛素-C肽微阵列免疫传感器研究

以AT切型、基频10MHz的镀金膜石英晶体作为换能器,将抗人胰岛素和C肽单克隆抗体固定在石英晶体电极表面,用2×5检测池固定夹具构建一种新型压电胰岛素-C肽微阵列免疫传感器.研究了抗体固定方法、抗体工作浓度、固定量、一致性以及传感器的响应参数如检测温度、时间和特异性等的影响.该微阵列传感器在胰岛素浓度为2.5～160.0mIU/L、C肽浓度为0.375～12.0ng/mL范围内响应特性良好,压电晶体频率偏移值与胰岛素和C肽浓度呈良好的线性关系.将此微阵列传感器用于人血清标本的测定,结果与放射免疫法符合(r为0.92和0.94).此微阵列传感器具有灵敏度高、特异性好,低密度阵列结构,检测通量较高,不需标记,操作简单、能实时在线检测和重复使用等优点,能用于临床实验诊断,具有临床推广应用价值.     

基于酪胺信号放大的新型免疫传感器

将酪胺应用于酶联免疫分析,建立了一种新的高灵敏伏安型免疫传感器。利用纳米金的静电吸咐和己二硫醇、巯基乙胺的自组装,将羊抗人IgG抗体固定到金电极表面上,以辣根过氧化物酶标记羊抗人IgG抗体为酶标抗体,以生物素化酪胺为酶底物,利用催化酪胺沉积反应,在传感界面沉积大量生物素,使原始信号得到几何级数的放大。结果表明,通过生物素化酪胺催化放大后,制得的免疫传感器对H2O2的催化能力增大近20倍,检测hIgG在1.5μg/L～22 mg/L范围内有良好的线性关系,检出限为0.1μg/L。用于实际试样的回收率的测定,结果良好。     

基于聚硫堇/亚甲基蓝和纳米金放大的免疫传感器检测贝类毒素大田软海绵酸

采用聚硫堇(PTH)修饰电极为传感界面提供一个生物修饰功能基质膜,借助纳米金(GNPs)的导电性、生物相容性与高比表面积特性实现抗体的有效固定,并以亚甲基蓝(MB)为电子媒介加速电极表面电化学反应的电子传递,构建了一种高灵敏的非标记电化学免疫传感器,用于贝类毒素大田软海绵酸(OA)的检测。当分子结构中含有羧基和酚基的OA与其抗体特异性结合后,生成以阴离子形式存在的抗原-抗体复合物,阻碍了传感器表面电子的传递,导致峰电流下降。利用免疫反应前后峰电流的变化,可对OA进行特异性识别和准确定量。在优化实验条件下,OA浓度的对数在0.2~100 μg/L范围内与其峰电流的变化值(ΔI)呈线性相关,线性方程为ΔI=1.721 7+1.083 6lgρ,相关系数为0.992 0,检出限为0.1 μg/L。该免疫传感器重现性好、特异性强,用于实际贝类样品的测定,回收率为85.3%~112%。     

基于金纳米颗粒负载的金属有机骨架材料的癌胚抗原传感器的研制

以负载Au的金属有机骨架材料(AuNPs/Cu-TPA)标记CEA抗体(Ab2)为信号探针,通过电还原的方法将氧化石墨烯还原到电极上,研制了一种捕获CEA抗体(Ab1)的电化学免疫传感器,并将其应用于癌胚抗原(CEA)检测.所合成的MOFs材料中含有大量Cu2+,且电化学信号比较稳定,因此可以通过检测MOFs材料中Cu2+的信号实现对CEA的检测.此信号探针不需要预处理和酸处理,易负载贵金属从而固定抗体,大大简化了检测步骤并缩短了检测时间.此传感器对CEA的检测灵敏度好,操作简便.在最优实验条件下,此传感器的线性范围为0.1～ 80 ng/mL,检出限为0.03 ng/mL,线性相关系数为0.9887,可用于真实样品中CEA的测定.     

免疫分析技术在农药残留分析中的研究进展及在中药中的应用展望

中药材的农药残留问题一直是人们关注的重点,免疫分析技术作为一项特异性强、灵敏度高的快速分析检测技术,在实现中药材农药残留快速筛查方面发挥着重要作用.该文结合近年免疫分析相关研究进展,对不同的免疫分析技术在中药农药残留分析方面的应用、技术优势以及局限性进行总结分析,并对免疫分析技术的发展前景进行了展望,对免疫分析技术在农...     

Design and development of a fiber-optic immunosensor utilizing near-infrared fluorophores

The design and application of a fluorescent fiber-optic immunosensor (FFOI) are reported. The FFOI is utilized for the detection of antibody/antigen binding within the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region. The technique is developed through the combined use of fiber-optic, semiconductor laser-excitation, fluorescence detection, NIR dye, and immunochemical techniques. The antibody is immobilized on the FFOI and utilized as a recognition component for trace amounts of specific antigen. The FFOI is constructed to utilize an antibody sandwich technique. The assay involves the immobilization of the capture antibody on the sensing tip of the FFOI followed by the exposure of the immobilized sensing tip to the antigen. The antigen-coated FFOI is then introduced to a second antibody previously labeled with the NIR dye. Typical measurements are performed in about 15 min. A semiconductor laser provides the excitation (780 nm) of the immune complex. The resulting emission is detected by a silicon photodiode detector (820 nm). The intensity of the resulting fluorescence is directly proportional to the concentration of the antigen. The sensitivity of the analysis reaches 10 ng/ml and the response time is 10–15 min.