Ni2P/SiO2 和Ni/SiO2 催化剂甘油氢解反应性能比较:催化剂活性及产物选择性影响因素的探讨（英文）

采用浸渍法及程序升温还原法制备了Ni2P/SiO2和Ni/SiO2催化剂,利用N2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、X射线荧光、CO化学吸附、氢气程序升温脱附及氨气程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征并用于甘油氢解反应.结果表明,Ni2P/SiO2和Ni/SiO2具有相近的表面Ni密度,但前者表面酸中心和表面氢物种(包括吸附氢和溢流氢)密度明显更高,且在甘油氢解反应中的活性也更高,这与其酸性中心与金属中心之间的协同作用有关.Ni2P/SiO2催化剂上主要产物为1,2-丙二醇及1-丙醇,而Ni/SiO2催化剂上主要产物为1,2-丙二醇、乙二醇和乙醇.提高反应温度和H2压力不能促进Ni2P/SiO2上乙醇和乙二醇的生成,但促进了1,2-丙二醇进一步氢解转化为1-丙醇.由此可见,Ni2P/SiO2具有较强的C-O键断裂活性及较弱的C-C键断裂活性,这可能分别与其较多酸性中心和电子及几何结构性质密切相关.     

Hydrogenolysis of Dinuclear PCNR Ligated PdII μ-Hydroxides and Their Mononuclear PdII Hydroxide Analogues

The hydrogenolysis of mono- and dinuclear Pd^II hydroxides was investigated both experimentally and computationally. It was found that the dinuclear μ-hydroxide complexes {[(PCN^R)Pd]₂(μ-OH)}(OTf) (PCN^H=1-[3-[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]phenyl]-1H-pyrazole; PCN^Me=1-[3-[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]phenyl]-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole) react with H₂ to form the analogous dinuclear hydride species {[(PCN^R)Pd]₂(μ-H)}(OTf). The dinuclear μ-hydride complexes were fully characterized, and are rare examples of structurally characterized unsupported singly bridged μ-H Pd^II dimers. The {[(PCN^Me)Pd]₂(μ-OH)}(OTf) hydrogenolysis mechanism was investigated through experiments and computations. The hydrogenolysis of the mononuclear complex (PCN^H)Pd-OH resulted in a mixed ligand dinuclear species [(PCN^H)Pd](μ-H)[(PCC)Pd] (PCC=a dianionic version of PCN^H bound through phosphorus P, aryl C, and pyrazole C atoms) generated from initial ligand “rollover” C−H activation. Further exposure to H₂ yields the bisphosphine Pd⁰ complex Pd[(H)PCN^H]₂. When the ligand was protected at the pyrazole 5-position in the (PCN^Me)Pd−OH complex, no hydride formed under the same conditions; the reaction proceeded directly to the bisphosphine Pd⁰ complex Pd[(H)PCN^Me]₂. Reaction mechanisms for the hydrogenolysis of the monomeric and dimeric hydroxides are proposed.     

六氢茚满催化开环: 氢解和阳离子反应路径(英文)

Perhydroindan(bicyclo[4.3.0]nonane) was converted in a flow-type apparatus under a hydrogen pressure of 5 MPa on six different catalysts,namely on a bifunctional Pd/Na,H-Beta zeolite,on Ir/Na,H-Y and Pt/Na,H-Y zeolites with a low concentration of Br?nsted acid sites,and on three catalysts containing the three noble metals on the non-acidic support silica.On the bifunctional zeolite Pd/Na,H-Beta,skeletal isomerization of perhydroindan was the primary reaction followed by opening of one naphthenic ring,the formation of open-chain nonanes in low yields of ca.6%,and hydrocracked products C8-.The carbon number distribution of the latter was volcano-shaped with no C1,C2,C7,and C8 indicating a carbocationic hydrocracking of C9 precursors with one naphthenic ring.On Ir/Na,H-Y and Pt/Na,H-Y("high-performance ring-opening catalysts"),ring opening and hydrocracking to C8-occurred by hydrogenolysis on the respective metal.Opening of the five-membered ring was found to be much faster than opening of the six-membered ring,in agreement with literature reports.The maximal selectivities of open-chain nonanes(OCNs) attained on Ir/Na,H-Y and Pt/Na,H-Y were very high,viz.49% and 54%,respectively,and significantly better than those of the open-chain decanes observed previously with decalin as model hydrocarbon.The OCNs formed on Pt/Na,H-Y were much less branched than those formed on Ir/Na,H-Y which was interpreted in terms of the different hydrogenolysis mechanisms on both metals.Valuable ancillary mechanistic information was obtained from the selectivities of perhydroindan hydroconversion on the three noble metals on silica.In contrast to Pd/silica,Ir/silica and Pt/silica gave appreciable selectivities of OCNs as well,yet the maximum values of these selectivities were lower than those obtained on the two high-performance zeolite catalysts.     

MOR负载的自还原型双功能催化剂用于催化纤维素氢解制乙二醇的研究

以丝光沸石分子筛(MOR)为载体,以高温生物碳源分解产物H2或CO为还原剂,采用等体积浸渍法制备自还原型双功能催化剂Ni-W/MOR,不经过还原过程直接将其应用于纤维素水相氢解制备低碳乙二醇的研究。考察了催化剂的煅烧温度、活性金属含量配比对纤维素转化率和目标产物收率的影响。结果表明,催化剂的煅烧温度在773 K为宜;XRD表征结果说明,催化剂中活性金属结晶度和晶体的种类与催化剂的配比有关;TEM照片可直观地说明,采用上述方法制备的催化剂中活性金属在载体上具有较好的分散性,粒径均小于20 nm。当Ni、W含量分别为10%和15%,煅烧温度为773 K,反应条件为513 K、5.0 M Pa、2 h时低碳多元醇总收率为56.92%,其中,乙二醇收率为52.30%。     

Hydrogenolysis goes bio: from carbohydrates and sugar alcohols to platform chemicals

In view of the diminishing oil resources and the ongoing climate change, the use of efficient and environmentally benign technologies for the utilization of renewable resources has become indispensible. Therein, hydrogenolysis reactions offer a promising possibility for future biorefinery concepts. These reactions result in the cleavage of C-C and C-O bonds by hydrogen and allow direct access to valuable platform chemicals already integrated in today's value chains. Thus, hydrogenolysis bears the potential to bridge currently available technologies and future biomass-based refinery concepts. This Review highlights past and present developments in this field, with special emphasis on the direct utilization of cellulosic feedstocks.     

自还原双功能催化剂催化木质纤维素生物质氢解制低碳多元醇的研究

利用生物碳源在煅烧过程中产生的还原性气体还原金属氧化物来制备自还原型双功能催化剂Ni-W/SBA-15,将其直接应用于催化木质纤维素生物质氢解制备低碳多元醇,省去了催化剂还原步骤。TG和XRD结果表明,制备过程中引入的蔗糖含量为3.0 g时,催化剂中被还原的活性金属含量最高;随着Ni含量的增加,镍粒子逐渐增大;W物种为非晶态。SEM和TEM分析表明,SBA-15均匀地负载Ni、W粒子,且粒径小、分散性好。在自还原型催化剂10%Ni-15%W/SBA-15催化作用下,在反应温度为240℃、氢压为5.0 MPa和反应时间为6 h的条件下,微晶纤维素完全转化,低碳多元醇的收率达68.14%;当以小麦秸秆粉作为反应物时,转化率为85.32%,低碳多元醇总收率为44.71%。     

Quantum chemical studies on the partial hydrogenolysis of methyl 2,3-O-diphenylmethylene-α-l-rhamnopyranoside

The potential energy surface for dioxolane ring-opening and hydride donation for the title compound has been mapped. The transition state (TS) was determined at various levels of theories and it has been proven by intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations that it connects the reactant to the product. The breaking of the O3-C_acetal bond and formation of the new H-C bond seems to occur in one (rate limiting) elementary step, which is, however, rather asynchronous.