Preparation and characterization of fragrance by extracting the essential oils from different raw materials

The extraction is a simple process and it is widely used to extract the fragrances in fragrance industries from essential oils. There are number of compounds (i.e. flowers, oils, leaves etc.) from which we can prepare the fragrance by extracting the essential oils from them. In this work, we have prepared the fragrance from the essential oils by the liquid-liquid extraction process, where the essential oil presented as the concentrated hydrophobic liquid containing volatile aroma compounds. We used the combination of Gas chromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS) characterization techniques to make our product more useful, convenient and compitative with the other fragrance available in the market. This study would be helpful to understand the preparation of the fragrance from the concentrated hydrophobic liquid type essential oils which contains volatile aroma compounds by using a significant liquid-liquid extraction process.     

Dispersion of T1 and T2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation in Crude Oils

Crude oils, which are complex mixtures of hydrocarbons, can be characterized by nuclear magnetic resonace diffusion and relaxation methods to yield physical properties and chemical compositions. In particular, the field dependence, or dispersion, of T₁ relaxation can be used to investigate the presence and dynamics of asphaltenes, the large molecules primarily responsible for the high viscosity in heavy crudes. However, the T₂ relaxation dispersion of crude oils, which provides additional insight when measured alongside T₁, has yet to be investigated systematically. Here we present the field dependence of T₁‐T₂ correlations of several crude oils with disparate densities. While asphaltene and resin‐containing crude oils exhibit significant T₁ dispersion, minimal T₂ dispersion is seen in all oils. This contrasting behavior between T₁ and T₂ cannot result from random molecular motions, and thus, we attribute our dispersion results to highly correlated molecular dynamics in asphaltene‐containing crude oils.     

费谢尔判别法鉴别原油/燃料油

以多环芳烃作为变量,建立了原油、燃料油属性鉴别的费谢尔判别法。分别测定了来自不同国家和地区的26个原油样品和25个燃料油样品中8种多环芳烃的含量,并将它们作为判别变量。借助SPSS 16.0进行费谢尔判别分析,建立费谢尔判别函数。将未知样品的判别变量值代入后,可以快速地得知样品的类别。结果表明,以多环芳烃作为判别变量进行原油、燃料油费谢尔判别快速而准确。     

Comprehensive Review on Application of FTIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometrics for Authentication Analysis of Fats and Oils in the Food Products

Currently, the authentication analysis of edible fats and oils is an emerging issue not only by producers but also by food industries, regulators, and consumers. The adulteration of high quality and expensive edible fats and oils as well as food products containing fats and oils with lower ones are typically motivated by economic reasons. Some analytical methods have been used for authentication analysis of food products, but some of them are complex in sampling preparation and involving sophisticated instruments. Therefore, simple and reliable methods are proposed and developed for these authentication purposes. This review highlighted the comprehensive reports on the application of infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for authentication of fats and oils. New findings of this review included (1) FTIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics, which has been used to authenticate fats and oils; (2) due to as fingerprint analytical tools, FTIR spectra have emerged as the most reported analytical techniques applied for authentication analysis of fats and oils; (3) the use of chemometrics as analytical data treatment is a must to extract the information from FTIR spectra to be understandable data. Next, the combination of FTIR spectroscopy with chemometrics must be proposed, developed, and standardized for authentication and assuring the quality of fats and oils.     

Characterization of Phenolic Compounds,Vitamin E and Fatty Acids from Monovarietal Virgin Olive Oils of “Picholine marocaine” Cultivar

Olive oil is an important product in the Mediterranean diet, due to its health benefits and sensorial characteristics. Picholine marocaine is the most cultivated variety in Morocco. The present research aims to evaluate the phenolic compounds, vitamin E and fatty acids of commercial Picholine marocaine virgin olive oils (VOOs) from five different North Moroccan provinces (Chefchaouen, Taounate, Errachidia, Beni Mellal and Taza), using HPLC-photodiode array (PDA)/electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS, normal phase (NP)-HPLC/ fluorescence detector (FLD) and GC-flame ionization detector (FID)/MS, respectively. The obtained results showed an average content of 130.0 mg kg⁻¹ of secoiridoids (oleuropein aglycone, 10-hydroxy-oleuropein aglycone and ligstroside aglycone, oleocanthal and oleacein), 108.1 mg kg⁻¹ of phenolic alcohols (tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol), 34.7 mg kg⁻¹ of phenolic acids (caffeic acid, ferulic acid and elenolic acid), and 8.24 mg kg⁻¹ of flavonoids (luteolin, luteolin glucoside, apigenin). With regard to vitamin E, α-tocopherol was the most abundant vitamin E (57.9 mg kg⁻¹), followed by α-tocotrienol (2.5 mg kg⁻¹), γ-tocopherol (4.5 mg kg⁻¹) and β-tocopherol (1.9 mg kg⁻¹), while δ-tocopherol was not detected. Moreover, 14 fatty acids were found and, among them, oleic acid (76.1%), linoleic acid (8.1%) palmitic acid (8.7%) and stearic acid (2.5%) were the major fatty acids detected. Finally, heat map and principal component analysis allowed us to classify the studied provinces in terms of VOO chemical composition: Chefchaouen (tyrosol and hydroxytyrosol), Taounate (oleuropein aglycone), Errachidia (ferulic acid, w-3 and w-6), Beni Mellal (oleocanthal) and Taza (luteolin and oleic acid).     

Aqueous extracts of Agave sisalana boles have prebiotic potential

Abstract

This work aimed at evaluating the prebiotic potential of the aqueous extract and crude polysaccharides from Agave sisalana boles by an in vitro screening. Crude polysaccharides were obtained from the aqueous bole extract by precipitation with acetone and resuspension in water. The liquid extract and the polysaccharide solution were then spray dried and submitted to thermal analysis and quantification of metabolites. Prebiotic activity was checked on probiotic strains belonging to the Lactobacillus genus using inulin, fructo-oligosaccharides, fructose and glucose as positive controls. The powder of A. sisalana bole extract, which has recently been identified as a rich source of inulin, exhibited higher potential of fermentation compared with crude polysaccharides.     

Chemical composition variations,allelopathic, and antioxidant activities of Symphyotrichum squamatum (Spreng.) Nesom essential oils growing in heterogeneous habitats

The present study aimed to analyze the chemical composition of Symphyotrichum squamatum EOs growing in two different habitats to explore the ecological implication on the EOs production and evaluate their antioxidant and allelopathic potentialities. The EOs from the aerial parts collected from coastal Mediterranean belt and inland abandoned habitats in the Nile Delta of Egypt, were extracted and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Sixty compounds were characterized as overall constituents of EOs from both samples. Sesquiterpenes were the main component and represented by 69.77% and 88.68% from coastal and inland sample, respectively. The coastal sample attained a relatively high content of monoterpenes compared to the inland sample. Major compounds from the EOs of the coastal habitat sample, were humulene epoxide, (-)-spathulenol, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, germacrene D, and α-humulene representing 59.72%. However, β-pinene, germacrene D, α-humulene, α-muurolene, humulene epoxide, (-)-caryophyllene oxide, and β-cadinene were the major compounds of EOs of the inland habitat sample, representing 63.70%. The correlation analysis revealed more correlation between the Egyptian inland S. squamatum and the Japanese ecospecies. However, the Egyptian coastal S. squamatum and Turkish ecospecies were more correlated to each other. The present data suggested that chemotypes of S. squamatum maintain their typical pattern despite ecological or climatic differences. The EOs of S. squamatum showed moderate antioxidant activity, wherein coastal and inland EOs have an IC₅₀ value of 382.53 and 559.63 μL L⁻¹, respectively. Also, the EOs from both habitats showed moderate allelopathic activity against the noxious weed Bidens pilosa. However, the activity of the coastal sample was more than inland one and could be attributed to the content of the major compounds, especially the oxygenated terpenes.     

Phytochemical profiling and antimicrobial activity of ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oils against important phytopathogens

The objectives of this study were to profile ginger essential oils (EOs) phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial activity against important phytopathogens. Ginger EOs was extracted using a modified Clevenger-type apparatus by hydro-distillation then followed by GCMS and headspace analysis of its phytochemical constituents. The phytoconstituents identified were monoterpenes and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Food poisoned and disc diffusion techniques were applied to determine the percentage inhibition of fungal mycelial and bacterial growth respectively. The EOs produced mycelial growth inhibition in all the test fungal pathogens after five days of incubation. The MIC and MFC of the EOs on the tested fungi were in the range of 1 μl/ml and 5–6 μl/ml, respectively. The bacterial growth of all the tested isolates was also affected by EOs at 100–500 µl/ml, from weak to strong antibacterial activity. The EOs affected the Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-strain A isolate most at a higher concentration of 400–500 μl/ml with mean inhibition of 20.66 mm and 22.66 mm respectively, which are found to be effective. The MIC values on the bacterial pathogens were at100 μl/ml. The inhibition zone of positive control (streptomycin) at 15 µg/disc was 25.00 mm and appeared to be efficient. Metabolomics analysis to concurrently quantify variability among multiple compounds in the data sets and identify such compounds responsible for the X. oryzae pv. oryzae-strain-A inhibition were determined. The cross-validated PLS model has shown a strong correlation between ginger EOs and bioactivity. The action of ginger EOs on the cell structure was fully identified using SEM by observing the changes in morphology and integrity of X. oryzae pv. oryzae-strain-A cells. The DMSO treatment (control) showed a normal rod shape cell, while treatment with the ginger EOs showed irregular shape with sunken surfaces, and treatment with antibiotics display abnormal growth of the cells. These findings can, therefore, propose that the ginger EOs could be used as a new antimicrobial agent in suppressing the growth of phytopathogens and as possible new alternatives to synthetic fungicides and bactericides.     

Sulfur speciation of Kuwaiti crude oils fractions using two-dimensional gas chromatography

The main objective of this study is to develop a methodology for sulfur compounds speciation using two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector and sulfur chemiluminescence detectors. The methodology enhances the ability to detect and quantify the refractory sulfur in petroleum distillates, and it was utilized to screen the molecular differences between distillates of two Kuwaiti heavy crude oils from different reservoirs but with similar physical properties. Despite the similarity in the physical properties, the detailed comparative analysis indicated significant differences in molecular composition, which suggests substantial differences in crude oil processability based on the reactivity of the detected compounds. The distillates that have been considered in this study include heavy naphtha, kerosene, and gas oil. The compositional differences between the distillates were observed using the two-dimensional gas chromatography system with an in-house developed method. This method groups the sulfur compounds into thiols, benzothiophenes (BTs), and dibenzothiophene (DBTs), and it can handle any atmospheric distillate up 365 °C. Furthermore, the method includes the possibility of identifying and quantifying a total number of 44 sulfur species, which covers the previously mentioned sulfur groups.