Quantitative determination of paraffin oil in blood by capillary gas chromatography

A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the quantitative determination of liquid paraffin in blood. Paraffin is extracted from blood into n-heptane. After solvent evaporation and dissolution of the residue in 100–200 μl n-heptane one μl is injected into a gas chromatograph fitted with a fused silica capillary column (Permabond® OV-1-CB-0.1, 10 m × 0.32 mm i.d.) and flame ionization detector. Analysis is performed by using an oven program [50°C (3 min)?285°C (5 min), rise 10%min]. The sensitivity (1.5 ng hexadecane) and the reproducibility prove the applicability of the method for the determination of liquid paraffin in blood and for the study of the stability of the liquid paraffin hollow fiber membranes used in an extracorporeal liver support system.     

The melt hollow fiber spinning process: steady-state behavior,sensitivity and stability

The rheology of the melt hollow fiber spinning process is examined in the thin filament limit. The resulting thin filament equations are also applicable to single-phase and two-phase extensional flows. Using a novel numerical solution procedure, the sensitivity of the fiber spinning equations to material property and process variations is investigated. Fiber geometry is directly controlled by the mass flowrates of the core and clad fluids while the spinline tension is most strongly influenced by clad viscosity. A maximum can occur in the clad stress profile if a core liquid is used and the ratio of core to clad viscosity increases greatly with temperature. Isothermal spinning of high viscosity clad liquids with either a core gas or liquid is unstable for draw ratios greater than 20.2 as found for solid fibers.     

Performance of hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation in protein separation

Since hollow-fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF FIFFF) utilizes a cylindrical channel made of a hollow-fiber membrane, which is inexpensive and simple in channel assembly and thus disposable, interests are increasing as a potential separation device in cells, proteins, and macromolecules. In this study, performance of HF FIFFF of proteins is described by examining the influence of flow rate conditions and length of fiber (polyacrylonitrile or PAN in this work) on sample recovery as well as experimental plate heights. The interfiber reproducibility in terms of separation time and recovery was also studied. Experiments showed that sample recovery was consistent regardless of the length of fiber when the effective field strength (equivalent to the mean flow velocity at the fiber wall) and the channel void time were adjusted to be equivalent for channels of various fiber lengths. This supported that the majority of sample loss in HF FIFFF separation of apoferritin and their aggregates may occur before the migration process. It is finally demonstrated that HF FIFFF can be applied for characterizing the reduction in Stokes' size of low density lipoproteins from blood plasma samples obtained from patients having coronary artery disease and from healthy donors.     

Mesoscopic structure and properties of liquid crystalline mesophase pitch and its transformation into carbon fiber

The history and present state of the art in the chemistry of mesophase pitch, which is an important precursor for carbon fiber and other high-performance industrial carbons, are reviewed relative to their structural properties. The structural concepts in both microscopic and macroscopic views are summarized in terms of the sp(2) carbon hexagonal plane as a basic unit common to graphitic materials, its planar stacking in clusters, and cluster assembly into microdomains and domains, the latter of which reflect the isochromatic unit of optical anisotropy. Such a series of structural units is described in a semiquantitative manner corresponding to the same units of graphitic materials, although the size and stacking height of the hexagonal planes (graphitic sheets) are very different. Mesophase pitch is a liquid crystal material whose basic structural concepts are maintained in the temperature range of 250 to 350 degrees C. The melt flow and thermal properties are related to its micro- and mesoscopic structure. The structure of mesophase-pitch-based carbon fiber of high tensile strength, modulus, and thermal conductivity has been formed through spinning, and has inherited the same structural concepts of mesophase pitch. Stabilization settles the structure in successive heat treatments up to 3000 degrees C. Carbonization and graphitization enable growth of the hexagonal planes and their stacking into units of graphite. Such growth is governed and controlled by the alignment of micro- and mesoscopic structures in the mesophase pitch, which define the derived carbon materials as nanostructural materials. Their properties are controlled by the nanoscopic units that are expected to behave as nanomaterials when appropriately isolated or handled.     

Adsorption of Pd, Ni, and Cu ions on anode-oxidized carbon fiber materials

The anodic oxidation of the carbon felt Carbonetcalon results in the formation of surface defects which serve as centers of strong adsorption of Pd^II, Ni^II, and Cu^II ions. The electrochemical reduction of adsorbed ions makes it possible to obtain metallic catalysts, which undergo multiple redox cycles without loss of metal. The catalysts are characterized by high dispersity of the reduced phase, high adsorption capacity with respect to hydrogen, and 100% selectivity in hydrogenation of acetophenone. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 81–85, January 1997     

纸带-光纤技术对硫化氢气体测量的初探

以研制的光导纤维反射分光光度计为仪器,建立了根据浸渍醋酸铅的纸带与硫化氢反应生成黑色硫化铅斑点而改变纸带相对反射率,达到对H2S测量的新方法。测量波长为450nm,测量H2S浓度范围为5×10-8mol/L～1.35×10-6mol/L。方法可用于测量废气中的硫化氢。     

碳纤维表面酰氯化及其与尼龙6的接枝Ⅰ、接枝方法及复合材料的力学性能

碳纤维表面酰氯化及其与尼龙6的接枝Ⅰ、接枝方法及复合材料的力学性能;阴离子接枝     

氯磺化聚乙烯结构和性能研究Ⅰ.氯磺化反应及其对晶体结构的影响

氯磺化聚乙烯水解后是一种性能特异的离子交换膜。本文研究了低密度及高密度聚乙烯中空纤维氯磺化反应时间与交换容量之间的关系,并用红外光谱及广角X射线衍射法测定了氯磺化反应对聚乙烯晶体结构的影响。结果表明,氯磺化反应主要发生在聚乙烯的非晶区,最大交换容量及反应速度均与非晶区含量有关。反应对晶粒表面也有一定程度的侵蚀作用,随着交换容量的增加,结晶度下降,晶粒度减小。低密度及高密度聚乙烯的变化趋势相似,但前者比后者变化更显著。     

我国化学纤维新品种的发展

本文紧紧围绕发展我国化纤新品种的现状和展望,提出由“产品先导型”向“技术先导型”、由“市场开发型”向“发展型”过渡的发展展望。按化纤新品种几种主要发展途径,侧重就我国化纤新品种的成就,如:合成新的高聚物,化学、物理(包括结构)改性和纱线、织物后整理等,特别对共聚、共混、多种复合技术改性等,进行了重点讨论。     

PBA@POM Hybrids as Efficient Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Evolution Reaction

To realize the effective conversion of renewable energy through water decomposition, efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are essential. In this article, PBA@POM was successfully prepared with a Prussian blue analogue (PBA) as the initial structure. A facile hydrothermal process is reported for obtaining PBA@POM by etching the cubic PBA with a strong Brønsted acid, H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀ (HPMo). The hollow cube structure not only exposes more active sites but also promotes electron transport, which results in excellent electrocatalytic activity for the OER. Compared with the PBA, which initially simply adhered to POM, the optimum PBA@POM hybrids display remarkably enhanced OER catalytic activity, with an almost constant overpotential of 440 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2 and a small Tafel slope (23.45 mV dec^?1). The facilely prepared PBA@POM with good electrochemical activity and stability promises great potential for the OER.