Methane production from synthesis gas using a mixed culture ofR. rubrum M. barkeri,and M. formicicum

The components of synthesis gas, CO, H₂, and CO₂, may be converted into CH₄ biologically through either acetate or H₂/CO₂ as intermediates. Of these two routes, conversion through H₂/CO₂ is preferred. This paper presents results of mixed-culture studies employing the photosynthetic bacteriumR. rubrum for converting CO to CO₂ and H₂ by the water gas shift reaction and two methanogens,M. formicicum andM. barkeri, for converting CO₂ and H₂ into CH₄. Results are presented for triculture operation in two types of reactors, the packed bubble column and the trickle-bed reactor.     

NiO/SnO2-ZrO2催化剂的制备及甲烷燃烧催化性能的研究

利用正交分析，通过溶胶凝胶－超临界干燥及复合浸渍的方法制备了NiO/SnO2-ZrO2催化剂，进行了活性评价，考察了前驱物、NiO、SnO2含量及制备方法对催化剂活性及稳定性的影响，并采用XRD、TEM对催化剂进行了表征分析，结果表明：NiO/SnO2-ZrO2催化剂具有良好的甲烷燃烧催化性能（t100%=640 ℃），其活性、稳定性与制备参数密切相关，其中NiO含量是影响催化剂活性、稳定性的最主要参数，它对催化剂稳定性和活性的影响规律正相反； SnO2组分的添加使ZrO2单斜相稳定，对催化剂起到了良好的稳定化作用，发现当SnO2含量在6 mol％左右时，催化剂具有较好的稳定性；对于制备方法，在凝胶前加入活性组分有利于催化剂的高活性，而在凝胶后加入活性组分，则有利于催化剂保持较好的稳定性；活性组分前驱物对催化剂性能影响不大，采用Ni(NO3)2作为前驱物较为合适。     

在改进的Ni基催化剂上的甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应

 本文采用高温分解和焙烧硝酸盐的方法合成了一系列Ni基六铝酸盐催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.1、0.3、0.6、0.9和1.0)，并对它们在甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应中的催化性能、催化剂表面积碳及活性组分Ni流失等情况进行了考察。结果表明，该催化剂对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应具有较好的催化活性，在850 ℃，甲烷转化率和CO选择性分别可达92%和95%。并且催化剂BaNiyAl12-yO19-δ (y=0.3)在100小时的POM反应后，催化剂表面积碳很少，积碳量仅为样品净重的0.8%，特别是100小时反应后，催化剂表面活性组分Ni没有发生流失。这种低积碳量和无活性组分Ni流失与催化剂结构中Ni与相邻原子间的强相互作用有关。     

Catalytic Combustion of Methane over CO1-xMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl Monolithic Catalysts

A series of CoxMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl catalysts （x=0-1） were prepared. The structures of the catalysts were characterized using XRD, SEM, and TPR analyses. The catalytic activity of the catalysts for methane combustion was evaluated in a continuous flow microreactor. The results indicated that the active washcoats adhered well on the FeCrAl foils. The phases in the catalysts were Co--xMgxO solid solutions, α-Al2O3, and γ-Al2O3. The surface particle size of the catalysts varied with variations in the molar ratios of Co to Mg. The Co component of the Co1_xMgxO/Al2O3/FeCrAl catalysts played an important role in the catalytic activity for methane combustion. In the Co1-xMgxO/AluO3/FeCrAl series catalyst （x=0.2-0.8）, the catalytic activity in terms of x was in the order of 0.5〉0.2〉0.8 under the experimental conditions. The presence of Mg in these catalysts could promote the thermal stability to a large extent. There were strong interactions between the Co1-xMgxO oxides and the AluO3/FeCrAl supports.     

新型反相微乳液制备纳米结构甲烷催化燃烧催化剂La0.95Ba0.05MnAl11O19-α的研究

提出一种由水, 异丙醇, 正丁醇组成的新型微乳液, 并以其为反应介质制备了甲烷高温燃烧La_0.95Ba_0.05MnAl₁₁O_19-a催化剂. 采用¹H NMR, FT-IR, 电导法及激光粒度散射法研究了新型微乳液中水的结构及相特性. 新型微乳液中水的体积分数小于一定值时, 电导率与水含量成非线性关系, k～φ曲线上存在一临界值(φ^P＝0.15). 水质子的化学位移随水含量的降低移向高场. 加入4% D₂O测定的O—D键的伸缩振动随水含量增加而向高波数方向移动. 异丙醇铝在新型微乳液中水解形成的Al(OH)₃ 胶体粒子的粒径范围为226～329 nm. 采用新型微乳液作为反应介质制备的Ba_0.05La_0.95MnAl₁₁O_19-α催化剂的粒径在30 nm, 明显小于纯水制备的样品(100 nm). BET 比表面积为65 m²/g, 比纯水制备样品高出约一倍. XRD结果显示, 1200 ℃焙烧10 h即可获得含单一β-Al₂O₃相的催化剂. Ba_0.05La_0.95MnAl₁₁O_19-α催化剂甲烷催化燃烧的T₁₀为420 ℃, 比纯水制备样品下降了90 ℃. 甲烷催化燃烧活性提高是由于含有较多Mnⁿ+纳米结构六铝酸盐的形成.     

Synthesis of Pharmaceutical Intermediates by Toluene Benzylation over Heteropoly Acids on Different Support

Selective formation of pharmaceutical intermediates like diphenylmethane, dimethyl- diphenylmethane, benzyl toluene and benzoic acid by liquid phase, toluene benzylation with benzyl chloride as a benzylating agent, was systematically studied over plane clay (K-10, montmorillonite), plane H-Beta, plane MFI structured titanosilicate (TS-1) and heteropoly acids [HPA, namely dodeca-tungstophosphoric acid [H3PO4.12WO3.xH2O] (TPA), dodeca-molybdo phosphoric acid ammonium salt hydrate [H12Mo12N3O40P aq] (DMAA), sodium tungstate hydrated purified [Na12WO4.2H2O] (STH)] supported on clay, H-beta and TS-1. The 20%TPA/Clay, 30%TPA/H-Beta and 30%TPA/TS-l, were observed to be the best catalyst samples over plane clay, plane H-Beta and plane TS-1. The catalyst samples are compared with respect to benzyl chloride conversion and selectivities for diphenylmethane, dimethyl-diphenylmethane, benzyl toluene and benzoic acid. The reaction follows the pseudo-first order rate power law model. The apparent rate constants are calculated and compared with the reported ones.     

Effect of La2O3／γ—Al2O3 Catalyst on the Activation of CH4 and CO2 to C2 Hydrocarbons under Non—equilibrium Plasma

In the reaction of methane and carbon dioxide to C2 hydrocabons under non-equilibrium plasma, methane conversion was decreased,but selectivity of C2 hydroxarbons was increased when using La2O3/γ-Al2O3 as catalyst. So the yield of C2 hydrocarbons was higher than using plasma alone. The synergism of La2O3/γ-Al2O3 and plasma gave methane conversion of 24.9% and C2 yield of 18.1%. The distribution of C2 hydrocarbons changed when Pd-La2O3/γ-Al2O3 was used as catalyst,the major C2 product was ethylene.     

Structure and catalytic mechanism of methane monooxygenase and approaches to its modelling

The mechanisms of activation of O₂ and CH₄ by methane monooxygenase (MMO) are discussed. A new concept for the catalytic cycle of MMO is suggested, and approaches to its chemical modelling are considered.Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1011–1020, June, 1995.The author is grateful to Academician A. E. Shilov for interest in this work and helpful discussions. The work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (Project No. 94-03-08529), International Scientific Foundation (Grant REU000), and INTAS (Project No. 93-315).     

Complete basis set ab initio computational study of ionization potential, electron affinity and the C-F bond dissociation energy for perfluorinated methane derivatives

A computational study of perfluorinated methane derivatives was performed with complete basis set ab initio methods. The total energies for their neutral, cation, and anionic states were computed. From these values, the energy gaps between different electronic states, ionization potentials, electron affinities, and C-F bond dissociation energies were calculated. The computed values are compared with experimental data and the reliability of complete basis set ab initio methods is discussed. New values for C-F bond dissociation energies are suggested. Received: 12 January 1998 / Accepted: 2 April 1998 / Published online: 29 July 1998     

The circular chemistry conceptual framework: A way forward to sustainability in industry 4.0

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