基于中空纤维液相微萃取的大鼠体内大黄素及其代谢物分析

建立了中空纤维液相微萃取(HFLPME)耦合高效液相色谱法(HPLC)用于测定血浆和尿液中大黄素及其代谢物的浓度,比较了中药有效成分大黄素在不同性别大鼠体内的吸收和代谢能力,阐述了大黄素在体内的代谢和转化过程。本实验以聚偏氟乙烯纤维为溶剂载体,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,对血浆和尿液样品进行HFLPME处理,萃取后挥干有机溶剂,用50 μL甲醇溶解,进行HPLC测定。在优化的微萃取条件下,血浆和尿液样品中大黄素及其代谢物标准曲线线性良好(相关系数(r)大于0.9960);检出限为0.1～3.0 μg/L;富集倍数为12.2～26.3;日内、日间精密度(以相对标准偏差(RSD)计)小于11.0%;血浆和尿液中代谢物的平均回收率为97.9%～103%。HFLPME操作简单,富集倍数高,能有效去除生物样品中复杂基体的干扰,适用于复杂样品中微量、痕量成分分析物的分析测定。     

固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定尿液中9种多环芳烃代谢物

建立了固相萃取-液相色谱-串联质谱同时测定尿中2-羟基萘、1-羟基萘、2-羟基芴、3-羟基菲、1-羟基芘等9种多环芳烃代谢物的液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。尿样中结合态的多环芳烃代谢物在β-葡萄糖苷酸酶-芳基硫酸酯酶缓冲液(pH 5.0)作用下,于37℃水浴中避光水解4 h后,以C18固相萃取小柱富集、净化,以甲醇洗脱,采用Waters Symmetry C18色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-0.2%氨水(72∶27,V/V)等度淋洗分离后进入质谱测定。在喷雾电压4 kV,毛细管温度300℃下,以3-羟基菲13C为内标,采用SRM模式负离子扫描方式测定,内标法定量。9种多环芳烃代谢物在尿中的线性范围为0.90～100μg/L;相关系数为0.9970～0.9990;回收率为79.0%～119.8%;相对标准偏差为4.3%～12.4%;检出限为0.04～0.90μg/L;结果表明,本方法可用于尿中9种多环芳烃代谢物的测定。     

Simultaneous analysis of mitotane and its main metabolites in human blood and urine samples by SPE-HPLC technique

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy with an incompletely understood pathogenesis and a poor prognosis. The adrenalytic activity of mitotane has made it the most important single drug in the treatment of ACC. Unfortunately, the exact mechanism of mitotane action is still unknown. It is believed that mitotane belongs to the class of drugs that require metabolic transformation by cytochrome P450 for therapeutic action; therefore determination of plasma levels of not only mitotane but also its metabolites would help in carrying out the treatment. The objective of this work was to develop and validate an SPE‐HPLC method for simultaneous determination of mitotane and its metabolites in different biological fluids. The sample preparation consisted of a solid‐phase extraction on a Discovery DSC₁₈ cartridge, while analysis of extracts was performed on a Symmetry C₁₈ column. The usefulness of the proposed method was confirmed by analysis of plasma, red cell and urine samples from patient chronically treated with 1.5 g of mitotane. The patient involved in this study had a high plasma concentration of mitotane and none of the investigated metabolites were found. In order to investigate whether the polymorphism of CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 enzymes could be related to the metabolism of mitotane, RT‐PCR analysis was performed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Four Nitrofuran Metabolites and Chloramphenicolin Biological Samples Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay

A pretreatment method was developed for the determination of four nitrofuran metabolites and chloramphenicol in pork, chicken, fish, and shrimp. Homogenized samples were hydrolyzed and derivatized with 2-nitrobenzaldehyde. Extraction was performed using ethyl acetate followed by purification of the extract by hexane. Lastly, the ethyl acetate was dried under nitrogen and the residue was redissolved for analysis. The performance of the method was satisfactory for all drugs tested at contamination levels close to or below the relevant European Union maximum levels permitted. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.025–0.13 ng/g. Recoveries higher than 72.0% were obtained for all drugs tested, and the coefficient of variation was less than 15%. Results from analysis of unknown samples by the developed ELISA were similar to those obtained by a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method.     

The use of mass defect in modern mass spectrometry

Mass defect is defined as the difference between a compound's exact mass and its nominal mass. This concept has been increasingly used in mass spectrometry over the years, mainly due to the growing use of high resolution mass spectrometers capable of exact mass measurements in many application areas in analytical and bioanalytical chemistry. This article is meant as an introduction to the different uses of mass defect in applications using modern MS instrumentation. Visualizing complex mass spectra may be simplified with the concept of Kendrick mass by plotting nominal mass as a function of Kendrick mass defect, based on hydrocarbons subunits, as well as slight variations on this theme. Mass defect filtering of complex MS data has been used for selectively detecting compounds of interest, including drugs and their metabolites or endogenous compounds such as peptides and small molecule metabolites. Several strategies have been applied for labeling analytes with reagents containing unique mass defect features, thus shifting molecules into a less noisy area in the mass spectrum, thus increasing their detectability, especially in the area of proteomics. All these concepts will be covered to introduce the interested reader to the plethora of possibilities of mass defect analysis of high resolution mass spectra. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simultaneous HPLC Determination of Urinary Metabolites of Toluene,Xylenes, and Ethylbenzene; and Its Application to Biological Monitoring of Tunisian Workers Exposure

Abstract

A simple, sensitive, and reproducible high performance liquid chromatographic procedure is described for the simultaneous determination of urinary metabolites of several aromatic hydrocarbons: mandelic and phenylglyoxylic acids from ethylbenzene; hippuric acid from toluene, and methylhippuric acids from xylenes. The employed mobile phase and the chromatographic conditions allowed relatively low detection limits (0.1 to 0.2 mg/L). The method was tested on 33 workers in the paint industry and on 33 nonoccupationally exposed Tunisian subjects. A significant difference of metabolite concentrations was found between the two groups. In the exposed group, most of the measured levels were lower than the biological exposure indices.     

高效液相色谱法分析牛和猪肌肉组织中残留的安乃近药物的三种代谢物

建立了牛和猪肌肉组织中残留的安乃近药物的3种代谢物 4-甲酰氨基安替比林（FAA）、4-氨基安替比林（AA）和 4-甲基氨基安替比林（MAA）的高效液相色谱测定法。肌肉组织样品均质后采用硫酸钠-亚硫酸钠溶液提取,过滤后经C18固相萃取柱净化,采用Inertsil ODS-3色谱柱分离,甲醇和水梯度洗脱,于265 nm波长下检测,外标法定量FAA,内标法定量AA和MAA（以 4-异丙基氨基安替比林作为内标物）。FAA的检出限为12.5 μg/L,AA的检出限为15.0 μg/L,MAA的检出限为20.0 μg/L;3种代谢物的测定低限均为50 μg/L;在添加水平为50～400 μg/kg范围内,FAA的回收率为81.3%~92.5%,AA的回收率为82.0%~96.0%,MAA的回收率为80.4%~90.6%,相对标准偏差均在7%以内。     

液相色谱-紫外-核磁共振-质谱：多信息分离方法

The availability of liquid chromatography-uhraviolet-nuclear magnetic reso-nance-mass spectrometry (LC-UV-NMR-MS)integrated systems is providing greater information content and confidence for a variety of sample types, such asdrug metabolites,natural products, impurities, and degradants. A wide range of experimental strategiescan be pur-sued,highlighting the flexibility and performance possible with this multihyphenated technique.     

Thermal Decomposition of Triazine Herbicides II. 6-Chloro-N2-ethyl-N4-isopropyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine) and its metabolites

Thermal degradation of atrazine and its metabolites has been investigated using a thermogravimetric technique(TG) with the application of three types of crucibles: opened, Knudsen type and labyrinthtype, and non-isothermal DSC method, using hermetically closed and opened alumina sample pans. The great influence of decomposition conditions (the crucible type) on thermal degradation was observed. TG analysis showed that the degradation process of atrazine took place in three stages. The increase of amino groups in triazine ring increases the amount of non-volatile thermal degradation products by association. The presence of chlorine substituent facilitates the forming of products with low volatility. Hydroxyatrazine decomposes only in one stage process. The dealkylation process observed in hermetical sample pans (DSC) was two-stage and in open sample pans one-stage process. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Impact of the Cooking Process on Metabolite Profiling of Acanthocereus tetragonus,a Plant Traditionally Consumed in Mexico

Acanthocereus tetragonus (L.) Hummelinck is used as an alternative food source in some Mexican communities. It has been shown that the young stems of A. tetragonus provide crude protein, fiber, and essential minerals for humans. In this work, we analyzed the phytochemical profile, the total phenolic content (TPC), and the antioxidant activity of cooked and crude samples of A. tetragonus to assess its functional metabolite contribution to humans. The phytochemical profile was analyzed using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-PDA-HESI-Orbitrap-MS/MS). Under the proposed conditions, 35 metabolites were separated and tentatively identified. Of the separated metabolites, 16 occurred exclusively in cooked samples, 6 in crude samples, and 9 in both crude and cooked samples. Among the detected compounds, carboxylic acids, such as threonic, citric, and malic acids, phenolic acids, and glycosylated flavonoids (luteolin-O-rutinoside) were detected. The TPC and antioxidant activity were analyzed using the Folin–Ciocalteu method and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical inhibition method, respectively. The TPC and antioxidant activity were significantly reduced in the cooked samples. We found that some metabolites remained intact after the cooking process, suggesting that A. tetragonus represents a source of functional metabolites for people who consume this plant species.