Micellar capillary electrophoresis – Electrochemical detection of neurochemicals from Drosophila

The fruit fly is one of the most heavily studied model organisms for genetics research and has significantly contributed to the molecular, cellular, and evolutionary understandings of human behavior. Recent research in the analytical chemistry of the fruit fly has focused on developing methods to obtain highly sensitive chemical quantification information of Drosophila melanogaster, especially looking at the nervous system. We provide a brief overview of work in the area of CE of the fly head and brain.     

Speciation of zinc in secondary fly ashes of municipal solid waste at high temperatures

The evaporation aerosols produced during the vitrification process of municipal solid waste incinerators (MSWI) fly ash represent a potential environmental risk owing to their high content of heavy metals. In this research, high‐temperature heating processes were carried out on fly ashes collected from bag houses in a Chinese MSWI plant and the secondary fly ashes (SFA) were separately collected at three high temperatures (1273 K, 1423 K and 1523 K) below the melting range. Elemental analysis showed that high contents of both zinc and chlorine were present in these SFA samples and, according to the standard of the heavy metals industrial grade of ore, SFAs can be re‐used as metallurgical raw materials or rich ore. Moreover, as shown by XAS analysis and for different high temperatures, zinc environments in the three SFA samples were characterized by the same local structure of the zinc chloride. As a consequence, a zinc recycling procedure can be easily designed based on the configuration information.     

船舶碰撞危险度模型的构建

运用模糊数学的综合评判理论,把会遇中目标船的DCPA、TCPA两船距离、相对方位、船速比5个因素作为基本评判参数,建立碰撞危险度的评价模型．而将其它因素,如航行区域状况、能见度情况和船舶的操纵性能等,作为对上述因素的危险隶属度函数的修正加以考虑．引入了船舶领域、动界等概念,以对来船构成的本船危险度进行客观有效地评价,为安全避碰提供合理依据．     

Spectral analysis of rare-earth elements in ash of sapropel and its fractions

Quantitative atomic emission spectral analysis was used to study the rare-earth content in sapropel and the rare-earth distribution over the isolated fractions. The conditions for determination of Ce, Y, and La (analytical lines, arc discharge current, exposure time) were selected empirically. We calculated the metrological characteristics of the proposed technique. We have shown that in Tyurin fractionation, the nonhydrolyzable residue fraction has the highest concentrations of these elements. Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 273–276, March–April, 2009.     

Innovative stabilization/solidification processes of fly ash from an incinerator plant of urban solid waste

Fly ash samples from an incineration plant of urban solid waste (USW) were submitted to a stabilization/solidification process based on encapsulation with a polyester resin. With this process, a very limited increase of about 25% in weight and a compressive strength as high as 1200 kg/cm² can be obtained. The efficiency of the process to stabilize/solidify the residues and to reduce the pollutant release was evaluated by performing both mechanical and leaching tests following the IRSA–CNR standard method. The leaching test was based on treating the sample with an acetic acid solution adjusted to pH 5.2 for 24 h under magnetic stirring. Toxic metals (Pb, Cd, and Cu) and organic pollutants (PAHs, PCBs, and OCPs) were determined in raw fly ash samples and in the leaching solutions of treated samples. Raw residues showed higher concentrations of trace metals than the regulatory limits, whereas the stabilized/solidified residues showed a concentration of all the pollutants lower than the regulatory limits and a compressive strength much higher than the suggested minimum value. Finally, a critical comparison with conventional stabilization/solidification processes based on the use of Portland cement highlighted that the polyester resin-based process performed much better in terms of the release of both organic and inorganic pollutants, thus substantially lowering the environmental impact of these residues.     

生物质灰对煤焦加氢气化的催化作用

以小麦秸秆、马尾藻和山苦荬等三种富含碱金属和碱土金属的生物质为原料,研究了在500、600和815℃下制得的生物质灰对神府煤焦加氢气化的催化作用。结果表明,随着制灰温度由500℃升高至815℃,灰产量减少,且灰中的碱金属和氯元素的含量降低;当制灰温度达到815℃,生物质灰出现明显的熔融现象;600℃灰样对神府煤焦加氢气化具有较好的催化作用,催化效果随灰样添加比例增大而增强。山苦荬灰催化作用较好,而马尾藻灰催化作用较弱。小麦秸秆灰中较高的硅含量和马尾藻灰中较高的氯含量是其催化作用较弱的主要原因;氯元素会加剧碱金属的挥发,弱化与其结合的碱金属的催化效果,对碱金属催化所产生的抑制作用比相同摩尔数的硅更加明显。     

TiO2@Ag修饰的粉煤灰微集料增强水泥基材料光催化性能

自清洁和空气净化能力是绿色建筑发展的两个重要方向,它们不仅使建筑体向功能多样化方向发展,而且为新材料的应用提供了平台.因与大量城市环境污染物(氮氧化物,挥发性有机化合物等)直接接触,具有空气净化能力的光催化水泥基材料引起了人们广泛关注.在过去几十年里,通过使用直接喷洒到浆体表层或与水泥原材料预先共混的方法,国内外已相继将TiO2光催化材料应用到了一些实际工程中.但TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中高效和稳定发挥其性能仍需解决两个关键问题:(1)它在水泥基体中分散性和效能耐久性问题;(2)其量子效率和对可见光利用率问题.对于后者,目前的材料制备与改性方法,如金属、非金属改性等已能获得量子效率和可见光活性都较好的TiO2类光催化材料.研究表明,水泥水化产物(氢氧化钙、C-S-H凝胶等)的包覆、后期碳化所致气体和光线扩散孔隙的降低是导致TiO2光催化剂在水泥基材料中耐久性和利用率差的可能原因.我们前期报道了一种将纳米TiO2催化剂预先负载到水泥基材料用的多孔粗集料表面,然后将负载型催化剂整体引入到水泥基体中的催化剂应用方法,发现该法能有效提升TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的催化效率和耐久性.微米级活性粉煤灰具有良好的水泥基材料兼容性,通过采用简单的碱激发手段,可形成孔径小于50 nm的介孔和微孔类沸石材料,从而影响光催化材料的催化性能.因此,基于粉煤灰的特征,为了进一步提高TiO2催化剂在水泥基材料中的应用效率和催化耐久性,我们采用碱激发法获得了大比表面和介孔结构的沸石类粉煤灰材料,将其用于负载纳米TiO2催化剂,然后引入到水泥基体中,制备了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料,同时研究了光还原Ag修饰对沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥基材料的催化性能影响及其催化耐久性.结果表明,具有分级孔结构的沸石粉煤灰载体可有效提升纳米TiO2光催化剂在水泥基体中的暴露度,同时还增加了其对气相苯(200×10–6初始浓度)的光催化去除能力.最佳Ag修饰量(1.4×10–4 wt%)沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品对气相苯的光催化伪一级反应速率常数达到9.91×10–3 min?1,分别是沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品和纯TiO2光催化水泥样品效能的3和10倍.光催化稳定性结果发现,在3次催化循环后,样品对气相苯的光催化去除率仍能达到96.3%(180 min).考虑到水泥基材料碳化是影响光催化剂使用耐久性的一个关键因素,我们还评估了沸石类粉煤灰/TiO2光催化水泥样品28 d加速碳化后的光催化性能.结果表明,经过加速碳化后,样品对气相苯光催化去除率只降低了11%,相比于同条件下纯TiO2水泥样品性能,其催化耐久性显著提高,表明沸石类粉煤灰载体可有效提升TiO2在水泥基体中的催化耐久性.这可能是由于其高孔隙特性可降低周围水泥水化产物的形成量,如高钙/硅比C-S-H凝胶及氢氧化钙结晶,进而降低了这些水化产物碳化所带来的影响.     

In situ measurements of the spectral emittance of coal ash deposits

The spectral emittance of deposits left by bituminous and sub-bituminous coals under oxidizing conditions have been measured in situ. Pulverized coal is injected into a down-fired entrained-flow reactor. Ash accumulates on a probe in the reactor effluent and radiation emitted by the ash layer is recorded using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer. Values for the spectral emissive power emitted by the ash and the surface temperature of the ash are extracted from these data. These results are then used to calculate the spectral emittance of the deposit. The spectral emittances of ash deposits formed by burning Illinois #6 (bituminous) coal and Powder River Basin (sub-bituminous) coal were measured between 3000 and 500 wavenumbers. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the bituminous coal has a constant value of approximately 0.46 between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers. Between 2200 and 1200 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of the deposit increases from approximately 0.47 to approximately 0.61. Between 1200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance is relatively constant at 0.61. The spectral emittance of the deposit left by the sub-bituminous coal is also relatively constant between 3000 and 2400 wavenumbers at a value of 0.29. Between 2200 and 500 wavenumbers, the spectral emittance of deposits from the sub-bituminous coal increases from approximately 0.29 to 0.55. Differences between these spectral emittance measurements and those measured ex situ illustrate the importance of making in situ measurements. Band emittances were calculated using the measured spectral emittances, and band emittances of the deposits are reported as functions of temperature.     

地方综合性大学“热学”精品课程建设的探索

精品课程建设是高等学校提高教学质量的重要措施之一,地方综合性大学进行精品课程建设应该依托地方优势、突出地方特点.文章从人才培养目标、教材建设、师资队伍、教学方法和手段等方面对地方综合性大学“热学”精品课程的建设进行了探索和研究.     

连锁超市供应链风险评价模型及实证研究

随着经济的飞速发展,供应链风险管理问题越来越受到企业的重视．但国内外还缺乏对连锁超市供应链风险的深入研究．事实上,很多连锁超市的供应链上很多环节并不完善．本文分析了连锁超市供应链上所面临的风险,构建了连锁超市供应链风险评价模型,以某连锁超市为例,通过调查问卷与所得数据,并利用熵权法确定了各指标的权重,最后基于模糊综合评价法得出的结果,提出了降低连锁超市供应链风险的对策建议．