Preparation of multihollow P(St-MAA) particles by sequence soap-free/soap emulsion polymerization and followed by stepwise alkali/acid posttreatment

The effects of ionic emulsifier, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfate (SDBS), on the formation of the multihollow structures in sub-micron sized polymer particles produced by alkali/acid posttreatment were investigated. The original latex particles with narrow size distribution were synthesized by a new sequence emulsifier-free/emulsifier emulsion copolymerization of styrene (St) and methacrylic acid (MAA). Results indicated that the pore size decreased and the pore number increased with the increase of SDBS amount, and the morphology of the posttreated latex particles was also significantly influenced by the introducing time of SDBS in the preparation of the original latex particles, and a suitable introducing time was 3 h of polymerization.     

基于SnO2为修饰层的Au-Pt / SnO2 / Au复合电极研究

用真空镀膜法在Au电极上沉积SnO₂薄膜，在HAuCl₄和H₂PtCl₄的混合溶液中利用直接还原法，将Au-Pt双金属纳米颗粒组装在SnO₂ / Au电极上，得到Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极。采用SEM、TEM、XPS及CV曲线测定对Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极进行了表征。结果表明:复合电极上双金属纳米颗粒分布均匀，粒子粒径约为25 nm左右。SnO₂作为修饰层以配位键与双金属纳米粒子结合。Au-Pt / SnO₂ / Au复合电极具有良好对甲醇氧化的电化学性能。     

Synthetic process to control the total size and component distribution of multilayer magnetic composite particles

A new synthetic process to prepare composite particles with multilayers, comprised of usual polymer latices, ultra-fine magnetic particles, and a polystyrene layer was examined under various solution conditions.First, the synthetic conditions of heterocoagulates, consisted of polystyrene latices (2a=180900 nm) and NiO·ZnO·Fe₂O₃ particles (2a=20 nm), were investigated as a function of medium pH, particle concentration, and particle size ratio, based on the concept of the heterocoagulation theory as applied by Harding et al. Regular heterocoagulates were generated under suitable medium and mixing conditions, and that their total size can be controlled by selecting the size of the original polymer latices used as the core.Second, the best encapsulation condition of the heterocoagulates via emulsion polymerization with polystyrene monomer was surveyed. The encapsulation of the heterocoagulates was greatly promoted by pretreatment with oleate molecules, although there is no tendency for the encapsulation when the surfactant-free bare heterocoagulates are used as the core.     

Packed capillary column supercritical fluid chromatography of fat-soluble vitamins using liquid crystal polysiloxane coated particles

Summary Liquid crystal polysiloxane stationary phases were prepared by coating two different polymers on deactivated porous silica particles (10 m diameter, 80 Å pores). Deactivation of the silica particles before coating was necessary to prepare highly efficient and inert stationary phases for supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). Fat-soluble vitamins E, A, K₁, K₂, D₂, and D₃ were separated on these columns using neat supercritical CO₂ as mobile phase. The analyses were completed within 40 min at 70 °C. The results were compared to those obtained using a capillary column packed with less ordered liquid crystalm,m-cyanobiphenyl-substituted polysiloxane coated particles. Reduced shape selectivity was observed with this cyanobiphenyl phase. The response factors of vitamins A, E, K₁, K₂, D₂, and D₃ when using the flame ionization detector (FID) were determined to be very similar.     

Synthesis and characterization of well-defined poly(methyl methacrylate)/CaCO3/SiO2 three-component composite particles via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization

The attempt to prepare structurally well-defined polymer/inorganic composite particles, i.e., poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/CaCO₃/SiO₂ three-component composite particles, via reverse atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using 2-2′-azo-bis-isobutyronitrile as initiator and Cu(II) bromide as catalyst was reported. CaCO₃/SiO₂ two-component composite particles were first obtained through sol–gel method, and their morphology and surface element information were determined by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, respectively. The results indicate that the CaCO₃ was encapsulated by the obtained SiO₂. After being modified by silane coupling agent, the CaCO₃/SiO₂ composite particles copolymerized with methyl methacrylate (MMA) under standard reverse ATRP conditions to produce PMMA/CaCO₃/SiO₂ three-component composite particles. In the case concerned, first-order kinetic plots and linear increase of molecular weight (Mn) vs conversion and narrow molecular weight distribution for the graft polymer samples were observed. Furthermore, the gel permeation chromatography results illustrated that both the free PMMA chains from the solvent and the graft PMMA chains from the surface of CaCO₃/SiO₂ two-component composite particles were growing at the same rate. Characterizations of the PMMA-grafted CaCO₃/SiO₂ composite particles were done by Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed that the surface of the modified inorganic particles was grafted by the MMA and that the grafting percentage was about 8.7%.     

Adsorption of large macromolecules on fine colloidal particles

A simple model of adsorption of large macromolecules on ultra-fine colloidal particles is presented. The basic assumption of the model is that the number of particles attached to a single molecule is a random quantity. Both the reversible and irreversible polymerparticle binding is considered. Also, effects of the non-ideal mixing of polymer solution with suspension and of the polymer/particle size ratio on the shape of the adsorption isotherm are examined. The predictions of the model are confronted with experimental results of the study on the adsorption of very high molecular weight polyacrylamide on fine AgI colloidal particles.     

Fe3+/V5+/TiO2复合纳米微粒光催化性能的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了Fe^3 /V^5 /TiO2复合纳米微粒作为光催化剂。光降解反应结果表明，其掺杂催化剂Fe^3 /V^5 /TiO2的光催化活性明显提高。光电化学研究显示，铁离子可以成为电荷陷阱，促进空穴的界面传递反应。适量钒离子掺杂使TiO2电极的光电流升高，导带中电子浓度的增大，加快了界面的电子传递反应。共掺杂催化剂中，Fe^3 、V^5 分别提供了空穴与电子的陷阱，同时加快了电子与空穴的界面传递反应，从 更有效地提高光催化活性。双组份共掺杂为提高TiO2光催化活性提供新的途径。     

Interactions of Pb(II) with particles of a polluted river

Pb(II) interactions with the surface of suspended matter from a polluted river was studied using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) technique. Three sampling sites were selected and studies have been done with samples collected in different times of the year (winter, autumn and summer). The values have been compared with those obtained in spring in the same conditions [Sci. Total Environ. 151 (1994) 101].Particles were separated by centrifugation and suspensions of the freeze-dried particles were titrated with Pb(II), being measured the labile metal fraction by DPASV. For comparison, suspensions of river water without any separation have also been titrated.Results show that surface metal complexes are inert, within the time scale of the analytical technique and desorbed organics from surfaces, form labile Pb(II) complexes in solution. For each sample it was determined the capacity for Pb complexation of particles and desorbed organics and the differential function has been estimated. Despite the heterogeneity of ligands, the systems interpreted in a discontinuous way, present one or two kinds of dominant ligands with Pb affinity.     

Methyltriethoxysilane-derived sol-gel coatings doped with silver metal particles

Silica sol-gel films were prepared by dipping, starting from an acid catalyzed solution of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS). Silver metal nanoparticles were produced in the silica layer by introducing in the sol-gel precursor solution AgNO₃ or AgClO₄·H₂O. The silver ions were thermally reduced in air at 800°C, giving an intense yellow coating film. The silver metal particles were observed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. The diameter of the silver particles was found to be about 10 nm. Absorption measurements in the UV-Vis were used to evaluate the volume fraction of silver colloids embedded in the silica layer.     

利用室温固态反应制备球霰石型CaCO3粒子

合成形态、大小及结构可人为调控的无机材料是现代材料科学的重要研究方向[1]. 借助于各类有机添加剂及模板剂的调控作用, 可利用溶液合成方法制备出形貌与结构受到有效调控的无机粒子[2,3]. 室温固态化学反应已被成功地应用于多种无机纳米粒子[4]及纳米线[5]的合成, 并显示出高效、节能、无污染和操作简便等优点, 因而在材料合成领域具有应用前景[6].