ICP-AES法对不同施肥、生长年限秦艽宏量和微量元素的测定

采用硝酸、高氯酸进行消解,用ICP-AES对秦艽中的宏量和微量元素含量进行了测定,比较了不同施肥处理与不同生长年限处理对植株内宏量和微量元素的影响.结果表明,不同施肥及生长年限处理秦艽所含宏量和微量元素含量不同,不同施肥处理与CK相比,施NPK混合肥最好,能够增加Fe、Mn、zn、Na、Mg的含量,分别为18.5%、1...     

Innovative Formulations of Phosphate Glasses as Controlled-Release Fertilizers to Improve Tomato Crop Growth,Yield and Fruit Quality

Three phosphate glass compositions, VF1, VF2, and VF3, containing macro and micronutrients with different [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio, were formulated to be used as controlled release fertilizers for tomato crop, depending on their chemical durability in water and their propriety with respect to the standards of controlled-release fertilizers. This study investigated the influence of [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio variation on glass properties. For this, the elaborated glasses have undergone a chemical characterization using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, a thermal characterization using differential thermal analysis, a physicochemical characterization based on density and molar volume measurements, and a structural characterization using Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. In addition, the chemical durability was determined by measuring the percentage of weight loss and the pH. Results revealed that the glass structure and composition have the mean role in controlling the release of nutrients in water. By increasing [K₂O/(CaO+MgO)] ratio, the dissolution rates of the glasses increased due to the shrinking in the rate of crosslinking between phosphate chains, accompanied with a diminution in transition and crystallization temperatures, and an increase in the molar volume. An agronomic valorization of VF1 and VF2 glass fertilizers, which showed dissolution profiles adequate to the criteria of controlled-release fertilizers, was carried out to evaluate their efficiency on tomato crops. These glass fertilizers improved soil mineral content and tomato performances in comparison to the control and NPK treatments with the distinction of VF2. The results highlight the effectiveness of these smart fertilizers toward their potential large-scale application to improve crop production and quality for high nutritional value foods.     

FTIR结合HPLC研究不同施肥措施对曼地亚红豆杉紫杉醇含量的影响

本文通过高效液相色谱技术(HPLC)测定紫杉醇含量并与其药材的傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)进行相关分析,研究不同肥料处理下曼地亚红豆杉药材紫杉醇含量相关的特征峰,并比较分析不同浓度复合肥对曼地亚红豆杉紫杉醇含量的影响。结果显示:不同处理间红外吸收光谱的峰形和峰位置均比较接近,但各谱峰的峰强有一定差异;为进一步研究与紫杉醇含量相关的吸收峰,对3369、1732、1616、1445、1373、1245、1147、1104、1056 cm-1等处的峰强与实测紫杉醇含量的关系进行多元对数相关回归分析,结果显示:在1445、1373、1317、1245、1147、1104、1056 cm-1等处附近的吸收强度与实际测定紫杉醇含量均密切相关,R(复相关系数)=0.98,P(概率)=0.002;两种方法均一致显示,在春梢抽梢前施少量的复合肥对紫杉醇含量积累有一定促进作用,但复合肥20 g/株时反而不利于紫杉醇的积累;四个物候期比较,以春梢抽梢前期施用复合肥对紫杉醇的累积影响最大。本研究结果对曼地亚红豆杉良种选育和规范化栽培技术研究均具有重要的指导意义。     

不同氮肥处理下小麦冠层和叶片光谱特征及产量分析

利用遥感光谱无损、快速分析出氮肥的施用时期和施用模式,对于保护环境、产量及氮肥利用率的提高具有重要意义。利用FieldSpec 4 Wide-Res Field Spectrum radiometer便携式地物光谱仪,测定了不同氮水平下小麦冠层和叶片两种模式光谱特征及红边参数变化规律;提出一个新指数--归一化差异最大指数（normalized difference maximum index,NDMI）,并分析其与叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）、SPAD（soil and plant analyzer development）值、MDA（malondialdehyde）含量、旗叶氮含量和产量的相关性。结果表明,小麦叶片原始光谱在开花后26 d起800～1 330 nm区间的光谱反射率以N3（1/3底施+1/3冬前追肥+1/3拔节期追肥）处理为最高,N1处理（1/2底施+1/2冬前追肥）次之。主要原因是由冬前和拔节期两个时期均施三分之一氮肥,增强了叶片光合能力。小麦冠层原始光谱,在400～700 nm波段,N2（1/2底施+1/2拔节期追肥）处理最低;在760~1 368 nm波段区间,由于群体结构不同,在开花期至灌浆中期N1处理的光谱反射率最高,N3处理次之;N3处理的冠层光谱反射率在开花后26和33 d最高。建议用400～700和760～1 368 nm波段的冠层原始光谱数据,分别来辨别小麦旗叶含氮量的高低及施肥模式。叶片模式下一阶微分光谱在500～750 nm区间出现两个“峰”,通过峰的位置偏移程度和偏移时期来估测施氮的模式。在670～740 nm区间冠层一阶微分光谱值在开花期最高,开花后10 d的一阶微分光谱值最低。在开花期至开花后10 d N1处理的一阶微分光谱值高于N3处理;灌浆中期至开花后33 d N3处理的一阶微分光谱值高于N1处理。可以通过一阶微分最大值来推测小麦所处的生育期和施肥的方式及施肥时期。在开花期至灌浆中期,冠层反射率一阶导数最大值（FD-Max）N1处理最高,N3处理次之;在开花后26～33 d,N3处理的群体结构较其他处理密,导致其一阶导数最大值一直最高。四个处理叶片一阶导数最大值变化趋势不如冠层显著。四个处理的反射率一阶导数最大值对应的红边位置（REP_FD-Max）中,N1和N3冠层REP_FD-Max在灌浆中期后偏移显著;在开花后26～33 d,N3处理的群体上层结构密,叶片宽且厚,冬前追施氮肥影响REP_FD-Max偏移程度。基于NDVI基础上,筛选出一个新指数--归一化差异最大指数。冠层归一化差异最大指数（CNDMI）与农化参数的相关系数高于叶片归一化差异最大指数（LNDMI）,且CNDMI与产量的相关性比LNDMI显著。冠层归一化差异最大指数与旗叶氮含量、SPAD值和MDA含量有着显著的相关性,相关系数r分别为0.812 88,0.928 21和-0.722 17。综上所述,借助光谱数据和红边参数可以推测小麦含氮量的高低,所处的生育期和施氮肥的模式,进而为田间施肥管理及施肥诊断提供依据。CNDMI与小麦产量有着更好的相关性,符合我国资源卫星的光谱波段范围,具有可实际操作性。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定白肋烟烟叶中的游离氨基酸

建立了一种用于烟草中游离氨基酸测定的反相高效液相色谱法．实验采用超声波水解、邻苯二甲醛／3-巯基丙酸作为衍生剂进行柱前衍生．色谱柱为依利特C18柱（4．6mmi．d．×250mm,5μm）,流动相A为18mmol／L的醋酸钠溶液（pH7．2）含体积分数为0．002％的三乙胺和0．3％的四氢呋喃,流动相B组成为：100mmol／L的醋酸钠溶液（pH7．2）-乙腈-甲醇（体积比为1：2：2）,流速为1．0mL／min,柱温为40℃．荧光检测器,激发波长350nm,发射波长450nm．方法的回收率为95．3％～100．7％,RSD为2．32％～9．24％（n=6）．该方法简便、准确、重现性好．测定了不同肥料配比生产的白肋烟烟叶中17种游离氨基酸的含量．结果表明,不论有机肥与无机肥怎样配比,天冬氨酸的含量与各氨基酸相比都是最高的;随着饼肥的加入,大部分氨基酸的含量是先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,15％饼肥＋85％无机肥与30％饼肥＋70％无机肥配比时,大部分游离氨基酸的含量接近,30％饼肥＋70％无机肥配比时的游离氨基酸总量最高,综合考虑,30％饼肥＋70％无机肥配比时的烟叶质量最好．     

荧光硅量子点作为叶面光肥提高生菜对光能利用率的机理研究

采用水热法制备了荧光硅量子点。通过透射电镜、红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱、光致激发和发射光谱及荧光衰减曲线等手段对样品形貌及发光性能进行了研究。通过生菜种植实验,研究了荧光硅量子点作为叶面光肥提高生菜对光能利用效率的效应。实验结果表明,透射电镜测得所制备的荧光硅量子点尺寸均一,平均尺寸为3.6 nm。傅里叶红外变换光谱及X射线光电子能谱表明该量子点表面具有丰富的含氧官能团,因而具有优异分水散性。光致荧光光谱表明,该量子点的最佳激发和发射峰位分别为385 nm和450 nm,且不具备激发波长依赖特性。荧光硅量子点与生菜的离体叶绿体复合后发现,荧光强度下降但激发态寿命基本不变,同时,复合物对2,6-二氯酚靛酚的还原速率提高。以上结果表明,荧光硅量子点与叶绿体复合时产生了内滤效应,生菜的叶绿体吸收了硅量子点发射的蓝光用于光合作用,从而使生菜的干鲜重均得到了显著性提高。通过叶绿素荧光成像实验进一步验证了喷施荧光硅量子点叶面光肥时生菜的光合作用速率得到了提高。     

氮肥施用量和形态对玉米苗期叶绿素含量的影响

氮肥的施用量和形态对植物的影响很大。实验借助于一种新型光谱仪SPAD-502叶绿素仪,研究了不同氮肥水平和氮肥形态对苗期玉米叶片叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,每公顷施用0,100和200 kgN时,SPAD值在43.3～43.7之间,差异不显著;每公顷施用400 kgN时最后一片展开叶的叶绿素含量显著高于对照和每公顷施用100和200 kgN的处理,估计可能与肥料中其他成分有关,但原因尚需进一步研究。通过不同形态氮肥试验,表明氨态氮处理的叶片叶绿素含量显著高于硝态氮处理,可能的原因是: (1)氨态氮易于吸收,施用初期效果快;(2)氨态氮中微量元素比较高。     

Surface modification of pyrophyllite for optimizing properties of castor oil-based polyurethane composite and its application in controlled-release fertilizer

The high cost and difficulty in sustainability have hindered the wide application of the general synthetic resins in the controlled-release fertilizers (CRF). Here, the degradable castor oil-based polyurethane (PU) was filled by the natural pyrophyllite (PY) powders, which were pre-modified with few amount (≤0.5 %) of NDZ-201 coupling agent though a simple and economic mechanochemical method. Furthermore, the composite materials of PU and the modified PY (MPY/PU) with enhanced comprehensive properties were prepared and applied in CRF. Moreover, the release behaviors of the coated fertilizers were investigated while tuning the addition amount of modifier or the filling amount of MPY, and it was confirmed that the release performance was highly depended on the hydrophobic and mechanical properties of the composite coating. As a result, the best optimized MPY/PU coating exhibited significantly superior performance to the pure PU materials, and the duration of 80 % nitrogen release was more than 40 days. This confirms that the MPY/PU composite is a promising coating material for the CRF granules.     

A sustainable approach for soil amendment; available plant nutrients in rice straws

The main aim of this study is to estimate the potential of mitigating the soil degradation by the utilization of rice straws, In every crop huge quantity of crop residue is generated along with the food grains. Only small part of the crop residue is used as cattle feed and other applications, significant quantity of these crop residues are either left unutilized or disposed by means of open field burning by the farmers, because other disposal options are not economically viable for the farmers. Consequences of open field burning of crop residues in India are, contribution of particulate matter in the atmosphere, emission of CO₂, CO, NH₃, NO_x, SO_x, and smog. On burning of crop residue heat produced is also accounted for the damage of microbes and other nutrients also present on the top layer of the soil, loss of organic carbon; it adversely affects soil fertility and productivity. It has a great economic potential as it contains high carbon content and significant amount of other essential plant nutrients which are required for plant growth. Sun dried rice straw samples were collected and analysed for primary nutrients (C, H, S, N, P₂O₅ and K₂O) required for plant growth. Moisture content was 11.70%, Elemental analysis of paddy straw on dry basis was found C = 36.04%, H = 5.25%, S = 0.28% & N = 0.69% P₂O₅ = 0.43% and K₂O = 0.64% in the kharif season 2021. These elements were quantified by using different advanced analytical techniques.