Inkorporation von 15N-markiertem Harnstoff in Organogene Dünge- und Abfallstoffe während der Rotte

Abstract

Eight organic fertilizers and wastes enriched with ¹⁵N labelled urea were stored at 25°C for one year. At the end of the experiment the ¹⁵N recovery rate ranged between 24 and 100%. The distributions of inorganic nitrogen (NH₄- and NO₃-N) and organic nitrogen (fulvic acids, humic acids and non extractable substances) are ascertained. Between the test materials, there are great differences in incorporation parameters.     

近红外光谱法快速分析有机肥料中有机质、总养分和pH值

建立了近红外光谱法结合偏最小二乘(PLS)法测定126种有机肥料中有机质、总养分和p H值的快速方法。采用K–S法分类,选取S–G平滑、S–G导数、多元散射校正和均值平均化4种前处理方法对粉碎后样品的近红外光谱信息进行预处理,以PLS法建立定量分析模型。结果表明,有机肥料中总养分的RC,SEC,RP,SEP,RPD分别为0.990,1.272%,0.985,1.084%,5.9;p H值的RC,SEC,RP,SEP,RPD分别为0.910,0.344%,0.737,0.428%,2.9。有机质项目根据国标方法分为小于40%、小于55%和大于55%3种样品进行分析,3种样品的RP分别为1.000,0.989,1.000;RPD分别为18.9,17.5,8.8。对比国标方法,有机质和总养分的测定精度满足实验室精确分析要求,p H值测定法可用于定量分析。NIR–PLS法实现了对有机肥料进行无损快速的检测分析。     

硅钼蓝分光光度法测定硅肥中有效硅

本文采用硅钼蓝分光光度法测定硅肥中有效硅的含量,通过研究浸取剂、振荡频率以及称样量等条件对有效硅提取量的影响,确定了样品溶解方式。探讨了酸度、显色时间、波长等因素对硅钼蓝吸光度的影响。同时,对优化后的硅钼蓝分光光度法进行精密度和准确度试验,多次重复测定的极差小于0.60%,标准偏差小于0.20%,加标回收率在98.5%~101.3%之间。结果表明优化后的硅钼蓝分光光度法具有良好的重现性和精密度。     

Superabsorbent Hydrogels Based to Polyacrylamide/Cashew Tree Gum for the Controlled Release of Water and Plant Nutrients

Agricultural production is influenced by the water content in the soil and availability of fertilizers. Thus, superabsorbent hydrogels, based on polyacrylamide, natural cashew tree gum (CG) and potassium hydrogen phosphate (PHP), as fertilizer and water releaser were developed. The structure, morphology, thermal stability and chemical composition of samples of polyacrylamide and cashew tree gum hydrogels with the presence of fertilizer (HCGP) and without fertilizer (HCG) were investigated, using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA/DTG) and Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). Swelling/reswelling tests, textural analysis, effect of pH, release of nutrients and kinetics were determined; the ecotoxicity of the hydrogels was investigated by the Artemia salina test. The results showed that PHP incorporation in the hydrogel favored the crosslinking of chains. This increased the thermal stability in HCGP but decreased the hardness and adhesion properties. The HCGP demonstrated good swelling capacity (~15,000 times) and an excellent potential for reuse after fifty-five consecutive cycles. The swelling was favored in an alkaline pH due to the ionization of hydrophilic groups. The sustained release of phosphorus in HCGP was described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model, and Fickian diffusion is the main fertilizer release mechanism. Finally, the hydrogels do not demonstrate toxicity, and HCGP has potential for application in agriculture.     

低化学稳定性复杂组分含磷铝硅酸盐玻璃体结构——含磷铝硅酸盐玻璃体结构模型与肥料开发

基于玻璃体无规则网络学说,建立了包含P2O5,K2O,CaO,MgO,SiO2,Fe2O3,FeO,Al2O3,B2O3,MnO,CuO,ZnO,NiO,MoO2,CoO和TiO2低化学稳定性复杂组分的玻璃体结构模型,推导出扩展的玻璃结构因子(Ob/Yb)ex及其计算式.对高效利用低品位磷矿、磷矿选矿尾矿、难溶性钾矿和低品位磷钾矿制造能为农作物吸收的玻璃体肥料具有一定的理论意义和应用价值.     

流动相离子色谱法测定化肥催化剂中硫酸根

This paper describes a method for determination of sulfate in fertilizer catalyst by the use of an active aluminium oxide column for separation and mobile phase ion chromatography. The recoveries of this method were from 99.7% to 102.2%. The coefficient of variation ranged from 2.13% to 5.50%. The results are satisfactory. The method is reliable,simple, accurate and applicable to the determination of sulfate in fertilizer catalyst after a pretreatment by hydrochloric acid.     

液体硅肥中砷形态的氢化物发生原子荧光光谱分析

本文应用氢化物发生-原子荧光光谱法(HG-AFS)测定了液体硅肥中不同形态的砷含量。研究了酸介质、还原剂和增感剂对砷的荧光信号的影响。实验确定酸介质为2.5 mol.L-1HCl,还原剂和增感剂为5%硫脲 5%抗坏血酸混合溶液。在选定的实验条件下测得硅肥中三价砷、五价砷及总砷的含量分别为5.08 ng.L-1、0.72 ng.L-1、5.80 ng.L-1。三价砷和五价砷的检出限分别为72.0 ng.L-1和153 ng.L-1;方法的精密度为2.2%~4.1%,回收率为96.5%~104%。     

施硼对高产油菜新品种秦油2号的防病增产效果

在缺硼土壤上进行秦油２号移栽穴内底施硼肥（硼砂６￣１８ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）和蕾苔期喷施硼肥（硼砂１．５￣７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２）试验。结果表明：移栽穴内底施硼肥以施用硼砂１５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２增产幅度最大，增产４８７．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，增幅２０．１％；蕾苔期喷施硼肥以施用硼砂４．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２增产幅度最大，增产２６５．５ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２，增幅１１．０％；“花而不实”株率、裂茎株率均随施硼量的增加而下降，菌核     

红外光谱法测定肥料施用26年土壤的腐殖质组分特征

采用红外光谱法探讨了有机肥以及有机肥与化学肥料配合施用26年对棕壤腐殖质及其组分富里酸和胡敏酸的结构变化。结果表明,采用红外光谱仪测定肥料施用对腐殖质及腐殖质组分富里酸和胡敏酸结构的影响是可行的。施肥26年后,不同处理肥料施用后腐殖质具有基本一致的结构;在某些特征峰吸收强度上有不同程度的差异,反映了不同肥料处理对土壤腐殖质的结构单元和官能团数量及组成有明显的影响。不同施肥处理胡敏酸也存在一些差别。红外光谱解析表明,与CK相比,施用有机肥或氮磷钾配合施用后,土壤腐殖质中小分子糖类物质减少,芳族类物质增加。试验结果证实,施用有机肥可明显增加土壤水溶性有机物芳构化程度。利用不同肥料处理腐殖质的红外光谱,可以判断土壤有机质的演变程度。     

Hazard characterization of mixtures of ammonium nitrate with the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid

Summary There has been recent interest in the hazard properties of mixtures of ammonium nitrate (AN) and the sodium salt of dichloroisocyanuric acid (SDIC) due to the possible involvement of such mixtures in the tragic accident in Toulouse, France, in September 2001. The thermal hazards of the mixtures were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), thermogravimetry (TG), simultaneous TG-DTA-FTIR-MS, heat flow calorimetry (HFC), and isothermal nanocalorimetry (INC). The sensitivity of the mixtures to impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge was also investigated. ARC experiments on a 2 g mass of mixture in humid air revealed an onset temperature for thermal decomposition as low as 37°C. INC experiments revealed three overlapping exothermic peaks that resulted in a total energy release of 0.4 kJ g^-1 over the course of thirteen days at 25°C. The reaction products were determined using simultaneous TG-DTA with FTIR and MS detectors, and they included CO₂, HC_l, N₂, N₂O, NO₂ and Cl₂. The results from this study suggest that accidental mixing of bulk quantities of these materials would pose a considerable hazard and should be avoided.