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901.
Temperature-dependent near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has been developed and taken as a powerful technique for analyzing the structure of water and the interactions in aqueous systems. Due to the overlapping of the peaks in NIR spectra, it is difficult to obtain the spectral features showing the structures and interactions. Chemometrics, therefore, is adopted to improve the spectral resolution and extract spectral information from the temperature-dependent NIR spectra for structural and quantitative analysis. In this review, works on chemometric studies for analyzing temperature-dependent NIR spectra were summarized. The temperature-induced spectral features of water structures can be extracted from the spectra with the help of chemometrics. Using the spectral variation of water with the temperature, the structural changes of small molecules, proteins, thermo-responsive polymers, and their interactions with water in aqueous solutions can be demonstrated. Furthermore, quantitative models between the spectra and the temperature or concentration can be established using the spectral variations of water and applied to determine the compositions in aqueous mixtures. 相似文献
902.
Tibor Csupsz Dniel Szücs Ferenc Krisztin Klmn Oldamur Hollczki Anik Fekete Dezs Szikra va Tth Imre Tth Gyula Tircs 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(2)
A new pyclen-3,9-diacetate derivative ligand (H23,9-OPC2A) was synthesized possessing an etheric O-atom opposite to the pyridine ring, to improve the dissociation kinetics of its Mn(II) complex (pyclen = 3,6,9,15-tetraazabicyclo(9.3.1)pentadeca-1(15),11,13-triene). The new ligand is less basic than the N-containing analogue (H23,9-PC2A) due to the non-protonable O-atom. In spite of its lower basicity, the conditional stability of the [Mn(3,9-OPC2A)] (pMn = −log(Mn(II)), cL = cMn(II) = 0.01 mM. pH = 7.4) remains unaffected (pMn = 8.69), compared to the [Mn(3,9-PC2A)] (pMn = 8.64). The [Mn(3,9-OPC2A)] possesses one water molecule, having a lower exchange rate with bulk solvents (kex298 = 5.3 ± 0.4 × 107 s−1) than [Mn(3,9-PC2A)] (kex298 = 1.26 × 108 s−1). These mild differences are rationalized by density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The acid assisted dissociation of [Mn(3,9-OPC2A)] is considerably slower (k1 = 2.81 ± 0.07 M−1 s−1) than that of the complexes of diacetates or bisamides of various 12-membered macrocycles and the parent H23,9-PC2A. The [Mn(3,9-OPC2A)] is inert in rat/human serum as confirmed by 52Mn labeling (nM range), as well as by relaxometry (mM range). However, a 600-fold excess of EDTA (pH = 7.4) or a mixture of essential metal ions, propagated some transchelation/transmetalation in 7 days. The H23,9-OPC2A is labeled efficiently with 52Mn at elevated temperatures, yet at 37 °C the parent H23,9-PC2A performs slightly better. Ultimately, the H23,9-OPC2A shows advantageous features for further ligand designs for bifunctional chelators. 相似文献
903.
为探讨高温花岗岩经水冷却后的细观结构损伤及动态力学性能,对水冷却后高温花岗岩开展波速和核磁共振测试,分离式霍普金森压杆冲击试验,以及冲击破碎试样的扫描电镜观察,分析比较不同状态下花岗岩波速、孔隙度和动力学参数的变化规律。研究发现:随着温度升高,经水冷却处理后高温花岗岩波速非线性下降,大孔径孔隙度分量增大,且水冷却后试样的孔隙孔径尺寸和数量均大于自然冷却;水冷却后高温花岗岩动力学参数呈现出随着温度升高,峰值应力减小,峰值应变增大,弹性模量则先增大后减小的规律;由于水冷却使高温花岗岩表面温度急剧降低,产生额外的温度应力,花岗岩内部损伤加剧,表现出更低的波速与峰值应力;而水的冷淬作用一定程度上提高了表层花岗岩的硬度,降低了高温后花岗岩的塑性能力,与自然冷却相比水冷却后花岗岩的峰值应变减小,弹性模量增大,表现出脆性破坏特征。在温度低于400℃时,冷却方式对冲击裂纹影响不大,随着温度升高到800℃,自然冷却后花岗岩冲击断面呈蜂窝状,而水冷却后冲击断面则相对平整。 相似文献
904.
The residues and abuse of antibiotics have seriously endangered ecological balance and human health; meanwhile, antibiotics determination is very difficult because of their low levels and multiple categories in complicated matrices. Appropriate sample pretreatment is usually imperative to enrich (ultra)trace antibiotics and eliminate matrix interference prior to chromatographic analysis. Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) has become an ideal pretreatment technique owing to its simplicity, effectiveness, low-consumption, etc. In this work, an ultrasonic-assisted DLLME (UA-DLLME) was developed for the simultaneous extraction of seven sulfonamides (SAs) antibiotics in environmental water and seafood samples coupled with HPLC-DAD determination. Several parameters affecting UA-DLLME efficiency were systematically optimized, and consequently the SAs were separated and detected within 14.5 min. The obtained limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.7–7.8 μg/L and 2.4–26.0 μg/L for three water samples (seawater, aquaculture wastewater and lake water) and two seafood samples (pomfrets and shrimps). High recoveries (80.0–116.0%) with low relative standard deviations (0.1–8.1%) were achieved for all the tested samples at three spiked levels. Notably, sulfadimethoxine was found at 24.49 μg/L in one seawater sample. The facile, robust and benign DLLME-HPLC method demonstrated promising perspectives for multiresidue analysis of antibiotics. 相似文献
905.
Shoichi Maeda Shunta Chikami Glenn Villena Latag Subin Song Norio Iwakiri Tomohiro Hayashi 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(7)
In this paper, we propose a new spectroscopic method to explore the behavior of molecules near polymeric molecular networks of water-containing soft materials such as hydrogels. We demonstrate the analysis of hydrogen bonding states of water in the vicinity of hydrogels (soft contact lenses). In this method, we apply force to hydrated contact lenses to deform them and to modulate the ratio between the signals from bulk and vicinal regions. We then collect spectra at different forces. Finally, we extracted the spectra of the vicinal region using the multivariate curve resolution-alternating least square (MCR-ALS) method. We report the hydration states depending on the chemical structures of hydrogels constituting the contact lenses. 相似文献
906.
907.
简要分析了多氯联苯(PCBs)的来源及其对环境构成的危害,介绍了PCBs在超(亚)临界水中的反应及其处理效果。分别从超临界水氧化、超临界水裂解及亚临界水还原三个方面阐明了超临界反应过程中PCBs降解的反应路径和降解效率,解释了共溶剂(甲醇、苯)、碱催化剂(Na2CO3、NaOH)、氧化剂(NaNO3、NaNO2)等对PCBs脱氯和分解的增效作用机理。发现在超临界水氧化与超临界水裂解条件下CH3OH对PCBs降解反应的促进机制有所不同,碱催化剂通过中和反应过程中产生的HCl生成NaCl沉淀导致体系中Cl的含量降低,从而促进脱氯反应的进行。对反应器防腐、处理的经济性方面略作讨论,在总结上述研究工作的基础上提出了PCBs的超临界反应处理技术未来发展的若干研究方向。 相似文献
908.
909.
910.
微粉化技术提高水不溶性药物溶解度 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
药物的微粉化可以改善颗粒的润湿性,进而提高水不溶性药物的溶解度和溶解速率。目前普遍采用的药物微粒化技术主要包括机械研磨、超临界流体过程、低温喷淋和溶剂蒸发沉积过程。本文介绍了这些微粉化制备技术的基本原理以及该类技术的应用进展。 相似文献