XMgO·YMg(OH)_2吸附剂除氟机理及其净化水的水质研究

研究了XMg O·YMg(OH)2对水中氟离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、含氟水p H值、温度、含氟水初始浓度等因素对吸附的影响。实验结果表明,在较宽的p H(3.4~8.4)值和水温(22~51℃)范围内,XMg O·YMg(OH)2对水中氟离子具有极强的吸附能力,室温下0.4g XMg O·YMg(OH)2可将100m L浓度为30mg F-1·L-1含氟水处理为符合含氟标准的饮用水。氟离子在XMg O·YMg(OH)2上的吸附速率较大,30min内基本达到吸附平衡,吸附平衡符合Langmuir方程,在50min内达到饱和吸附,室温下饱和吸附量为13.46mg·g-1。净化水呈微碱性,含有5.68~15.07mg·L-1Mg2+,有益于人体健康。吸附饱和后的XMg O·YMg(OH)2经焙烧再生,除氟率可达81%。     

纳米银的单颗粒-电感耦合等离子质谱法表征及其测定

建立单颗粒-电感耦合等离子体质谱法( SP-ICP-MS)测定稀溶液中纳米银颗粒粒度分布及纳米银颗粒数量浓度的方法。当停留时间为3 ms时,两个或多个纳米银颗粒同时进入检测器的可能性降至最低。采用5倍标准偏差迭代算法(5σ)区分纳米银颗粒信号和背景信号。采用SP-ICP-MS法测定3种商品级纳米银颗粒(30,50和100 nm)粒度分布和纳米颗粒浓度。结果表明：SP-ICP-MS法测定纳米银颗粒结果与纳米银的TEM值相近,可采用SP-ICP-MS法表征纳米银颗粒。本方法测定稀溶液中纳米银颗粒粒度检出限为25 nm,纳米银颗粒浓度检出限约为8×104个/L。将纳米银颗粒加入到自来水样品中并进行测定,获得相近的纳米银粒度分布及纳米颗粒浓度。本方法简单、快捷、灵敏度高,可为研究水环境中纳米银的风险评估提供可靠分析方法,并为饮用水中纳米银的监测提供分析技术。     

丙烯腈、己二腈和丙腈与水的二元体系液-液相平衡数据的测定和关联(英文)

采用平衡法测定了丙烯腈+水、己二腈+水、丙腈+水三个二元体系在不同温度(303.15、313.15、323.15、333.15K)下的液-液相平衡数据;并采用NRTL(α=0.2,α=0.3)模型和UNIQUAC模型对液-液平衡数据进行了关联.结果显示,NRTL和UNIQUAC模型对三个二元体系在不同温度下的互溶度关联的目标函数值均小于1×10-17,实验值与计算值吻合较好,绝对偏差小于0.009,关联精度较高.该研究结果可为丙烯腈、丙腈和水三元平衡溶解度数据的模拟和预测提供可靠的基础数据,并对电解二聚法生产己二腈中电解液的分离提纯工艺具有一定的指导意义.     

水浴加热密闭溶样石墨炉原子吸收光谱法测定化探样品中的痕量金

以王水、氟化钾、Fe3+溶液为溶剂,对化探样品进行水浴加热分解1.5 h,经泡沫塑料吸附后,于90℃以上硫脲溶液中解吸20 min,然后采用石墨炉原子吸收光谱仪测定其中的金含量。对仪器分析条件进行了优化。金的质量分数在0.1~100.0 ng/g范围内与吸光度呈良好的线性,线性相关系数r2=0.999 3,检出限为0.100 ng/g。该方法对金标准物质测定结果的相对标准偏差为5.96%~9.25%(n=12),对国家一级标准物质进行分析,测定结果与标准值相符合。该方法满足1∶50 000化探样品中痕量金的分析要求。     

A Hydrogen-Deficient Nickel–Cobalt Double Hydroxide for Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting

Developing highly efficient and low-cost photocatalysts for overall water splitting has long been a pursuit for converting solar power into clean hydrogen energy. Herein, we demonstrate that a nonstoichiometric nickel–cobalt double hydroxide can achieve overall water splitting by itself upon solar light irradiation, avoiding the consumption of noble-metal co-catalysts. We employed an intensive laser to ablate a NiCo alloy target immersed in alkaline solution, and produced so-called L-NiCo nanosheets with a nonstoichiometric composition and O²⁻/Co³⁺ ions exposed on the surface. The nonstoichiometric composition broadens the band gap, while O²⁻ and Co³⁺ ions boost hydrogen and oxygen evolution, respectively. As such, the photocatalyst achieves a H₂ evolution rate of 1.7 μmol h⁻¹ under AM 1.5G sunlight irradiation and an apparent quantum yield (AQE) of 1.38 % at 380 nm.     

Sulfur-Modified Oxygen Vacancies in Iron–Cobalt Oxide Nanosheets: Enabling Extremely High Activity of the Oxygen Evolution Reaction to Achieve the Industrial Water Splitting Benchmark

The oxygen vacancies of defective iron–cobalt oxide (FeCoO_x-Vo) nanosheets are modified by the homogeneously distributed sulfur (S) atoms. S atoms can not only effectively stabilize oxygen vacancies (Vo), but also form the Co−S coordination with Co active site in the Vo, which can modulate the electronic structure of the active site, enabling FeCoO_x-Vo-S to exhibit much superior OER activity. FeCoO_x-Vo-S exhibits a mass activity of 2440.0 A g⁻¹ at 1.5 V vs. RHE in 1.0 m KOH, 25.4 times higher than that of RuO₂. The Tafel slope is as low as 21.0 mV dec⁻¹, indicative of its excellent charge transfer rate. When FeCoO_x-Vo-S (anode catalyst) is paired with the defective CoP₃/Ni₂P (cathode catalyst) for overall water splitting, current densities of as high as 249.0 mA cm⁻² and 406.0 mA cm⁻² at a cell voltage of 2.0 V and 2.3 V, respectively, can be achieved.     

Composition-Tunable Antiperovskite CuxIn1−xNNi3 as Superior Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

A group of newly reported antiperovskite nitrides Cu_xIn_1−xNNi₃ (0≤x≤1) with tunable composition are employed as electrocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Cu_0.4In_0.6NNi₃ shows the highest intrinsic performance among all developed catalysts with an overpotential of merely 42 mV at 10 mA cm_geo⁻². Stability tests at a high current density of 100 mA cm_geo⁻² show its super-stable performance with only 7 mV increase in overpotential after more than 60 hours of measurement, surpassing commercial Pt/C (increase of 170 mV). By partial substitution, the derived antiperovskite nitride achieves a smaller kinetic barrier of water dissociation compared to the unsubstituted InNNi₃ and CuNNi₃, revealed by first-principle calculations. It is found that the partially substituted Cu_xIn_1−xNNi₃ possesses a thermal neutral and desirable Gibbs free energy of hydrogen for HER, ascribed to the tailoring of the energy of d-band center arose by the A-site (A=Cu or In) substitution and a resulting optimization of adsorbate interactions.     

Optimization of SIMS analytical parameters for water content measurement of olivine

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) has a wide range of applications in Earth Science research, thanks to its high precision and sensitivity, and its capacity in direct insitu micromeasurement. The technique is operated in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions, especially for the measurement of volatiles such as hydrogen, or the water content in nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs). To minimize the water background and obtain accurate and precise water contents in NAMs (eg, olivine) critical parameters such as presputtering time, field aperture (FA), dynamic transfer on/off, and primary beam current intensity were investigated for a CAMECA IMS 1280-HR system. When the chamber vacuum reaches approximately 2 × 10⁻⁹ mbar, we set the DTOS OFF, raster size to 50 μm and primary beam current to 5 nA, and used 2000 μm FA and 170-second presputtering time. Consequently, an approximately 1.2 ppmw water background and 3.6 ppmw limit of detection (LOD) were yielded, from analyzing the San Carlos olivine. Meanwhile, the water content and homogeneity of a range of olivine minerals were characterized for potential use as reference materials for SIMS water content measurement. Olivine water content calibration curve was also established by comparing the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results with the SIMS-measured ¹⁶O¹H⁻/¹⁶O⁻ ratios. Accuracy and precision of water content measurement were estimated to be better than approximately 10% in this study.     

Evolution of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 surfaces under water immersion monitored by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ absorbers were immerged in deionized water for different times, and specific chemical evolutions were monitored thanks to X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Cu(In,Ga)Se₂ related dissolution products were studied in water through induced coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. From those analyses, specific surface network disorganization was observed, with Cu migration towards the surface, leading to different kinetics of oxidation and dissolution for each element that could be quantified.