Effect of Coconut Protein and Xanthan Gum,Soybean Polysaccharide and Gelatin Interactions in Oil-Water Interface

We report on our study of the interactions between coconut protein extracted from coconut meat and three hydrocolloids (gelatin, xanthan gum, and soybean polysaccharide) and their interfacial adsorption and emulsification properties. We used Zeta potential, fluorescence spectroscopy scanning and ITC to investigate the interactions between a fixed concentration (1%) of coconut protein and varying concentrations of hydrocolloid. Through the interfacial tension and interfacial viscoelasticity, the interfacial properties of the hydrocolloid and coconut protein composite solution were explored. The physical stability of the corresponding emulsion is predicted through microstructure and stability analysis. Xanthan gum forms a flocculent complex with coconut protein under acidic conditions. Soy polysaccharides specifically bind to coconut protein. Under acidic conditions, this complex is stabilized through the steric hindrance of soy polysaccharides. Due to gelatin-coconut protein interactions, the isoelectric point of this complex changes. The interfacial tension results show that as time increases, the interfacial tensions of the three composite solutions decrease. The increase in the concentration of xanthan gum makes the interfacial tension decrease first and then increase. The addition of soybean polysaccharides reduces the interfacial tension of coconut protein. The addition of xanthan gum forms a stronger elastic interface film. Emulsion characterization showed that the gelatin-added system showed better stability. However, the addition of xanthan gum caused stratification quickly, and the addition of soybean polysaccharides also led to instability because the addition of polysaccharides led to a decrease in thermodynamic compatibility. This research lays the foundation for future research into coconut milk production technology.     

Preparation of nano-hydroxyapatite/poly(<Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">l</Emphasis>-lactide) biocomposite microspheres

Nano-hydroxyapatite (HA)/poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) composite microspheres with relatively uniform size distribution were prepared by a solid-in-oil-in-water (s/o/w) emusion solvent evaporation method. The encapsulation of the HA nanopaticles in microshperes was significantly improved by grafting PLLA on the surface of the HA nanoparticles (p-HA) during emulsion process. This procedure gave a possibility to obtain p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with uniform morphology and the encapsulated p-HA nanoparticle loading reached up to 40 wt% (33 wt% of pure HA) in the p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres. The microstructure of composite microspheres from core-shell to single phase changed with the variation of p-HA to PLLA ratios. p-HA/PLLA composite microspheres with the diameter range of 2–3 μm were obtained. The entrapment efficiency of p-HA in microspheres could high up to 90 wt% and that of HA was only 13 wt%. Surface and bulk characterizations of the composite microspheres were performed by measurements such as wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).     

乳化液膜法对模拟乙酸乙酯废气吸收的研究

摘要：针对水吸收法难于处理非（弱）水溶性有机废气的问题,以煤油为油相,失水山梨醇三油酸酯（Span 85）为乳化剂,制得水相/油相（W/O）乳化液膜,进行了吸收模拟乙酸乙酯废气的研究.结果表明：乳化液膜体系对乙酸乙酯废气吸收效率最高可达89%,1 h内吸收效率大于50%以上;低温、低表面活性剂体积分数和高废气质量浓度有利于提高吸收速率,在实验条件下存在最佳油水比1∶1.     

Features of the total disintegration events of heavyemulsion targets caused by 4.5A GeV/c16O

Total disintegration events produced by 4.5\,A GeV/c $^{16}$O--AgBr interactions are analysed to investigate the characteristics of secondary charged particles produced in such collisions. The multiplicity distributions of grey, black, and relativistic charged particles can be well represented by Gaussian distribution. The average multiplicity of grey particles is found to increase with the mass of projectile increasing, while that of black particles is found to decrease with the mass of projectile increasing. This result is in good agreement with the prediction of fireball model. Finally, the linear dependence between grey and black particles is observed, but there is no distinct dependence between the production of relativistic charged particles and the target excitation.     

Ultrasound-assisted microencapsulation of jackfruit extract in eco-friendly powder particles: characterization and antiproliferative activity

The aim of the article was to develop stable and safe eco-friendly microcapsules and evaluate their physicochemical properties and their efficiency to protect a jackfruit extract. Eco-friendly microcapsules were produced by ultrasound and spray drying using only three safe ingredients: sucrose ester (SE), miglyol and maltodextrin (DE = 10). Some physicochemical properties, particle morphology, FT-IR, differential scanning calorimetry and antiproliferative activity were determined for microcapsules loaded or not with the jackfuit extract. The results revealed that the encapsulation process by spray drying produced stable microcapsules, with adequate physicochemical and fluid properties for a powder product. The cell viability on the proliferation of M12.C3.F6 cell line was not affected by powder microcapsules without jackfruit extract, indicating that capsules are not toxic for these cells. However, microcapsules with jackfruit extract (100 μg/ml) were able to inhibit significantly the proliferation of M12.C3.F6 cells. These microcapsules can be used for the protection of different compounds sensitive to light, oxygen and/or heat and displaying a very low aqueous solubility.     

Properties of Absorbent Acrylic Foam Prepared Based on the Method of High Internal Phase Emulsion

Acrylate and methacrylate monomers absorbent acrylate foams were prepared based on the method of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE). The influence of reaction conditions on liquid absorption by acrylate foams was studied. The reaction conditions included monomer ratio, cross-linker amount, initiator amount, emulsifier amount, emulsion concentration, emulsification temperature, and the curing time. The reaction conditions were determined to achieve the best liquid absorption by acrylate foams. Acrylate foams were analyzed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when the monomer ratio was 9:1, cross-linking agent was 30% of monomer amount, initiator amount was 4% of the reactants amount, emulsifier amount was 8% of the reactants amount, the ratio of aqueous phase to oil phase was 32:1, emulsification temperature was 75°C, and curing time was 1.5 h, we could prepare the acrylate foam material with the best liquid absorption. Reaction of monomer and cross-linking agent was confirmed by FTIR analysis. The pore sizes of acrylate foam were between 1 μm and 8 μm according to SEM analysis. This material was very suitable to absorb aqueous fluids.     

Pesticide‐conjugated polyacrylate nanoparticles: novel opportunities for improving the photostability of emamectin benzoate

Emamectin benzoate, a macrocyclic lactone, can be used in low quantities to control arthropod pests, effectively. However, its poor photostability prevents its further use. To delay its photodegradation, novel acrylate‐type polymeric nanoparticles were synthesized and tested as materials for improving pesticide photostability. N‐acylated emamectin benzoate was synthesized via bonding emamectin benzoate to acrylamide. The resulting pesticide, containing the double bond linkage –C=C–N–, was copolymerized with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate by the emulsion polymerization method. The refined polymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectroscopy, and result illustrated the pesticide was conjugated to the polymers. Atomic force microscope and dynamic light scattering analyses were also used for determining the average particle diameters of pesticide–polymer conjugates. Photostability tests showed that the nanoparticles obtained exhibited greatly improved photostability. Additionally, the laboratory toxicity tests demonstrated that the insecticidal effects of the novel emamectin benzoate formulation were better than those of the control pesticide formulation (emamectin benzoate EC). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Synthesis and Characterizations of Calcium Phosphate Nanoparticles via β‐Cyclodextrin,Poly(oxyethylene)5 Nonyl Phenol Ether and Cyclohexane Medium

In this work, the calcium phosphate nanoparticles have been produced by new reverse micro emulsion method containing β‐cyclodextrin, poly(oxyethylene)₅ nonyl phenol ether and cyclohexane. Scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, fourier transform infrared spectroscope and X‐ray diffraction were used to characterize the particles. The sizes of the nanoparticles were identified between 70‐80 nm. In conclusion, these results suggested that the developed reverse micro emulsion system based nanoparticles seem to be a promising formulation for calcium phosphate nanoparticles synthesis and it has immense potential in delivery of drugs and vaccines.     

Preparation and Characterization of Styrene/Butyl Acrylate Emulsifier-Free Latex with 2-Acrylamido-2-Methyl Propane Sulfonic Acid as a Reactive Emulsifier

A kind of emulsifier-free latex (FL) was successfully synthesized from styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) with 2-acrylamido-2-methyl propane sulfonic acid (AMPS) as a reactive emulsifier. The particle size of latex particles, stability against electrolytes, minimum film forming temperature (MFT) and water contact angle (CA) were evaluated and compared with a conventional latex (CL). Test results show that FL has larger particle size, better stability against electrolytes and lower MFT value compared with CL; higher AMPS content leads to smaller particle size and smaller water CA.     

Surface and Antimicrobial Properties of N-Palmitoyl Amino Acid–Based Surfactants

Synthesized sodium N-pamitoyl amino acids were evaluated for surface and antimicrobial properties and compared with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS). Emulsion stability of the amino acid surfactants and calcium tolerance of the sodium N-palmitoyl isoleucine were better as compared to SLS. Wetting ability and foaming properties of the palmitic acid-based surfactants were inferior to SLS. N-Acyl amino acids exhibited better antibacterial activity compared to sodium salts of N-acyl amino acids and standard compounds against Staphylococcus aureus MLS-16 and Bacillus subtilis. These studies revealed that the palmitoyl amino acid surfactants can be exploited in household, skin care formulations, and industrial applications.