NaYF4∶Er3+的水热合成及其紫外上转换发光性能

采用水热法制备了Er³⁺掺杂的NaYF₄上转换发光材料,X射线衍射结果表明,当反应温度为180 ℃和200 ℃时,晶体属于六方晶型和四角晶型混合相态;当反应温度为220 ℃时,该晶体属于纯六方晶型结构。SEM和TEM观察发现,晶粒为六角形,样品颗粒分散性好,平均粒径约为100 nm。荧光光谱测试结果表明,当激发波长为500 nm时,样品发射出紫外光。从Er³⁺能级图谱可以得出,Er³⁺基态电子⁴I_15/2首先跃迁到²H_11/2与⁴S_3/2能级上,随即经过能量转移上转换过程(ETU)分别发射出310 nm和340 nm的紫外光。结合Er³⁺发光机理可以推出上转换峰310 nm和340 nm均属于双光子过程。 研究结果表明,以NaYF₄为基质掺杂Er³⁺产生的紫外上转换光在生物成像、光催化发应及生物标记等方面有着广阔的应用前景。     

柴油机进气道喷射甲醇的排放与经济性研究

在一台增压中冷的电控单体泵柴油机上采用柴油/甲醇组合燃烧（DMCC）方式进行排放特性与经济性试验研究。结果表明:采用DMCC方式能够大量减少NO_x排放,同时CO₂排放也有所降低。可以通过在排气管上加装氧化催化转换器（DOC）很好地清除掉DMCC方式增加的HC和CO排放,其催化效率在90%以上,比原机排放低很多,DMCC方式的甲醛排放比原机高,DOC对其催化率达98%,接近超低排放。DMCC模式外特性的热效率提高了7.607%,且存在一个最佳燃料匹配区间。     

An adaptive large neighborhood search heuristic for the Pollution-Routing Problem

The Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP) is a recently introduced extension of the classical Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows which consists of routing a number of vehicles to serve a set of customers, and determining their speed on each route segment so as to minimize a function comprising fuel, emission and driver costs. This paper presents an adaptive large neighborhood search for the PRP. Results of extensive computational experimentation confirm the efficiency of the algorithm.     

Determination of hydrodynamic behavior of gas–solid fluidized beds using statistical analysis of acoustic emissions

In the processes involving the movement of solid particles, acoustic emissions are caused by particle friction, collision and fluid turbulence. Particle behavior can therefore be monitored and characterized by assessing the acoustic emission signals. Herein, extensive measurements were carried out by microphone at different superficial gas velocities with different particle sizes. Acoustic emission signals were processed using statistical analysis from which the minimum fluidization velocity was determined from the variation of standard deviation, skewness and kurtosis of acoustic emission signals against superficial gas velocity. Initial minimum fluidization velocity, corresponding to onset of fluidization of finer particles in the solids mixture, at which isolated bubbles occur, was also detected by this method. It was shown that the acoustic emission measurement is highly feasible as a practical method for monitoring the hydrodynamics of gas–solid fluidized beds.     

基于投人产出分析的中国能源消费分行业碳排放系数因素分解

采用投入产出分析法,结合部门能源消费数据,从最终需求的角度评估和计算了中国1997年、2002年和2007年的碳排放量、碳排放系数、直接碳排放系数和完全碳排放系数.研究结果表明,金属冶炼及压延加工业、燃气生产和供应业、非金属矿物制品业、电力、热力的生产和供应业、水的生产和供应业以及煤炭开采和洗选业的直接碳排放系数历年均是最高的,能源强度是影响这些行业直接碳排放系数变化的主要因素;金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业、金属制品业、化学工业、电力、热力的生产和供应业、水的生产和供应业以及煤炭开采和洗选业的完全碳排放系数历年均居前列,中间产品投入和能源强度是影响完全碳排放系数变化的主要因素.针对实证结果,现阶段我国节能减排的重点方向在于调控金属冶炼及压延加工业、化学工业等高碳排放行业,并通过提高能源效率、调整产业结构及优化能源结构来达到降低碳排放系数的目的.     

基于假设脱钩区间模型的省际节能减排压力测算以辽宁省为例

参照资源消耗及废物排放与经济增长的定量表达式-IGT方程和IGTX方程,分别推导出资源脱钩指数和二氧化碳排放指数方程.根据脱钩指数,将二氧化碳排放与GDP脱钩程度分为绝对脱钩、相对脱钩和未脱钩三种程度,并构建了假设相对脱钩和假设绝对脱钩区间.以辽宁省1995-2012年间二氧化碳排放量和GDP增长量为对象,分析了二者的脱钩关系.研究发现,除了1997和1999年二者处于相对脱钩状态,其余年份均未脱钩.运用假设脱钩区间模型,分别计算达到相对脱钩和绝对脱钩状态的二氧化碳年排放理想值,并与现值进行比较,得到各年节能减排的压力值.研究结果表明:相对脱钩的压力相对较小,减排压力在0-1671万t之间,占基准年碳排放量的0%-12.23%;绝对脱钩的压力较大,减排压力在320.77-4899.84万t,占基准年碳排放量的2.35%-23.94%.     

GM(1,N)与GM(0,N)模型在能源消费碳排放预测中的比较研究

近年来,减少碳排放已成为缔约国家社会经济发展和生产经营活动的重要目标之一,研究并使用科学的方法对我国未来碳排放进行分析与预测对我国应对气候变化政策的制定具有重要意义.拟将GM(1,N)和GM(0,N)模型用于能源消费碳排放量的预测,建立能源消费碳排放量的多因素灰色预测模型,并对GM(1,N)和GM(0,N)模型预测能源消费碳排放量的精度进行了检验和对比分析.结果表明:在对四川省能源消费碳排放预测中,GM(0,N)具有更高的预测精度和可靠性.     

The bi-objective Pollution-Routing Problem

The bi-objective Pollution-Routing Problem is an extension of the Pollution-Routing Problem (PRP) which consists of routing a number of vehicles to serve a set of customers, and determining their speed on each route segment. The two objective functions pertaining to minimization of fuel consumption and driving time are conflicting and are thus considered separately. This paper presents an adaptive large neighborhood search algorithm (ALNS), combined with a speed optimization procedure, to solve the bi-objective PRP. Using the ALNS as the search engine, four a posteriori methods, namely the weighting method, the weighting method with normalization, the epsilon-constraint method and a new hybrid method (HM), are tested using a scalarization of the two objective functions. The HM combines adaptive weighting with the epsilon-constraint method. To evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm, new sets of instances based on real geographic data are generated, and a library of bi-criteria PRP instances is compiled. Results of extensive computational experiments with the four methods are presented and compared with one another by means of the hypervolume and epsilon indicators. The results show that HM is highly effective in finding good-quality non-dominated solutions on PRP instances with 100 nodes.     

Integrating Time-Resolved Imaging Information by Single-Luminophore Dual Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence

The fact that the lifetime of photoluminescence is often difficult to access because of the weakness of the emission signals, seriously limits the possibility to gain local bioimaging information in time-resolved luminescence probing. We aim to provide a solution to this problem by creating a general photophysical strategy based on the use of molecular probes designed for single-luminophore dual thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The structural and conformational design makes the dual TADF strong in both diluted solution and in an aggregated state, thereby reducing sensitivity to oxygen quenching and enabling a unique dual-channel time-resolved imaging capability. As the two TADF signals show mutual complementarity during probing, a dual-channel means that lifetime mapping is established to reduce the time-resolved imaging distortion by 30–40 %. Consequently, the leading intracellular local imaging information is serialized and integrated, which allows comparison to any single time-resolved signal, and leads to a significant improvement of the probing capacity.     

Organic lead compounds in vehicle exhaust

Species-specific measurements of the five tetraalkyllead compounds used in gasoline and their intermediate decomposition products, the tri- and di-alkyllead species, have been made in vehicle exhaust fumes. Under normal engine running conditions 0.3–3% of the lead emitted in exhaust is as an organic compound, but cold, choked engines emit proportionally much larger amounts of alkyllead. Alkyllead is emitted in both the gas and the aerosol phases.