Synthesis of the C-5 homologue of N-acetylneuraminic acid by enzymatic chain elongation of 2-C-acetamidomethyl-2-deoxy-D-mannose

Condensation of hexopyranosid-2-ulose 1 with nitromethane afforded after acetylation 2. Treatment with borohydride yielded stereoselectively 4. Reduction, acetylation, deblocking, and acid hydrolysis gave then C-2 branched N-acetylmannosamine 7 that was enzymatically converted to the first known C-5 branched homologue of 8.     

Evaluation of time-accelerated irradiation method of elastomer by modulus–ultimate elongation profile

“Generalized modulus–ultimate elongation profile” was induced from the relationship between the modulus and the ultimate elongation of an elastomer that was quantitatively added crosslinking and scission. This profile can be used to evaluate the time-accelerated irradiation methods of ethylene-propylene-diene elastomer. The irradiation under low dose rate (0.33 kGy/h) at room temperature was the reference condition. The short-time irradiation condition was 4.2 kGy/h in 0.5 MPa oxygen at room temperature and 5.0 kGy/h in air at 70 °C. The former tended to bring about the higher ratio of scission than the reference condition; the latter tended to bring about the higher ratio of crosslinking.     

Visualization of large elongated DNA molecules

Long and linear DNA molecules are the mainstream single‐molecule analytes for a variety of biochemical analysis within microfluidic devices, including functionalized surfaces and nanostructures. However, for biochemical analysis, large DNA molecules have to be unraveled, elongated, and visualized to obtain biochemical and genomic information. To date, elongated DNA molecules have been exploited in the development of a number of genome analysis systems as well as for the study of polymer physics due to the advantage of direct visualization of single DNA molecule. Moreover, each single DNA molecule provides individual information, which makes it useful for stochastic event analysis. Therefore, numerous studies of enzymatic random motions have been performed on a large elongated DNA molecule. In this review, we introduce mechanisms to elongate DNA molecules using microfluidics and nanostructures in the beginning. Secondly, we discuss how elongated DNA molecules have been utilized to obtain biochemical and genomic information by direct visualization of DNA molecules. Finally, we reviewed the approaches used to study the interaction of proteins and large DNA molecules. Although DNA‐protein interactions have been investigated for many decades, it is noticeable that there have been significant achievements for the last five years. Therefore, we focus mainly on recent developments for monitoring enzymatic activity on large elongated DNA molecules.     

爱滋病病毒中肽段的酶促合成

为了进一步研究酶促合成在多肽合成中的实际应用,选择合成了爱滋病病毒(人类免疫缺损病毒,HIV-I)的gp41中氨基酸序列598-609的三个肽段,该部分是HIV-I中的2个抗原决定簇部分,H-Leu-Glg-Leu-Trp-Glg-cgs-Ser-Glg-Lgs-Leu-Ile-Cgs-OH可以作为抗原来检测HIV抗体.     

Elongation cutoff technique armed with quantum fast multipole method for linear scaling

A linear‐scaling implementation of the elongation cutoff technique (ELG/C) that speeds up Hartree‐Fock (HF) self‐consistent field calculations is presented. The cutoff method avoids the known bottleneck of the conventional HF scheme, that is, diagonalization, because it operates within the low dimension subspace of the whole atomic orbital space. The efficiency of ELG/C is illustrated for two model systems. The obtained results indicate that the ELG/C is a very efficient sparse matrix algebra scheme. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2009     

Elongation method for electronic structure calculations of random DNA sequences

We applied ab initio order‐N elongation (ELG) method to calculate electronic structures of various deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) models. We aim to test potential application of the method for building a database of DNA electronic structures. The ELG method mimics polymerization reactions on a computer and meets the requirements for linear scaling computational efficiency and high accuracy, even for huge systems. As a benchmark test, we applied the method for calculations of various types of random sequenced A‐ and B‐type DNA models with and without counterions. In each case, the ELG method maintained high accuracy with small errors in energy on the order of 10^?8 hartree/atom compared with conventional calculations. We demonstrate that the ELG method can provide valuable information such as stabilization energies and local densities of states for each DNA sequence. In addition, we discuss the “restarting” feature of the ELG method for constructing a database that exhaustively covers DNA species. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

洛埃镜测杨氏模量

本文介绍用洛埃境干涉法测量钢丝的伸长量ΔＬ，从而测定材料的杨氏模量。此法提高了测量精度，相对误差可降到３％左右。     

Vocal fold strain and vocal pitch in singing:Radiographic observations of singers and nonsingers

The relationship between vocal fold strain and vocal pitch in singersand nonsingers singing a rising pitch series has been indirectly investigated by means of lateral radiographs. Nonsingers tend to exhibit more strain than singers. To standardize the degree of strain, an index of strain per semitone is proposed. The semitone strain indicates the average amount of strain per 1 semitone of pitch increase or decrease. The index has been shown to be affected by several factors: gender, singing training, singing technique, voice class, age, and status of muscle function. Observations suggest that similar groups of individuals occupy different positions on the stress-strain curve, indicated by their semitone strain values.     

铝锂合金中铈与杂质含量对延伸率及再结晶的作用

研究了铈及有害杂质含量对２０９０及８０９０铝锂合金薄板延伸率和再结晶状态的影响，得出了再结晶组织参数与板材横向延伸率之间的关系。Ｃｅ的微合金化作用在含一定量Ｆｅ、Ｓｉ杂质的２０９０合金和含一定量Ｎａ、Ｋ杂质的８０９０合金中表现得比较明显，当各种杂质共存且含量较高时，Ｃｅ对８０９０合金的延伸率仍有一定的有利作用。随Ｃｅ及杂质含量变化，若两类合金的再结晶体积、粗晶体积及晶粒平均宽度增加，则其延伸率下降，随晶粒长宽比增加，２０９０合金的延伸率增加而８０９０合金的延伸率下降。     

Chain elongation of primary alcohols of carbohydrates

The chain elongation of primary alcohol of saccharides (α-d-ribose, α-d-glucose, α-d-mannose) and a disaccharide (α-d-melibiose) has been achieved via a Mitsunobu reaction using bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) malonate as nucleophile.