Application of the Hall™ electrolytic conductivity detector for the analysis of chloroanilines and chloronitroanilines in POTW sludges

Simultaneous detection with a 700-A Hall? and an NPD detector is an effective technique for characterizing chloro-and chloronitroanilines in highly complex Publicly Owned Water Treatment Works (POTW) sludges. The utilization of a modified Varian effluent splitter and a SE-54 fused silica capillary column permitted the detection of mid-picogram quantities of the polar chloroanilines without sacrificing peak shape. The response of the Hall? detector in the halogen mode was roughly proportional to the number of chlorine atoms present, while the response of the Hall? in the nitrogen mode and the NPD was less predictably influenced by the presence of one or more nitro groups. When combined with retention time data, the ratio of the NPD response to the Hall? response has been found to substantiate the presence of chloro- and chloronitroanilines in sludge extracts.     

Cathodic synthesis of esters of 1,1,2,2-cycloalkanetetracarboxylic acids derived from 1,1,2,2-ethane- or ethylenecarboxylate esters

The cathodic electrolysis of esters of 1,1,2,2-ethane- or ethylenetetracarboxylic acids in the presence of dihaloalkanes leads to esters of 1,1,2,2-cycloalkanetetracarboxylic acids.N. D. Zelinskii Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117913 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 217–220, January, 1992.     

乙二醇在电解银表面的氧化

用超高真空程序升温反应谱和瞬时应答方法研究了乙二醇在电解银表面的氧化，实验表明，室温下乙二醇吸附在电解银表面，并在３４３Ｋ分解给出一组产物群，预吸附氧与乙二醇反应时，在３４３Ｋ，４３３Ｋ和６１２Ｋ处给出三组产物群，它们分别对应于不同的表面反应，并给出了电解银催化乙二醇制乙二醛的活性结果。     

膜电极构型CO2还原电解单池的稳定性研究

电化学还原CO₂可实现CO₂的资源化转化,是缓解因其过度排放所导致诸多环境问题的关键技术. 本文提出了一种膜电极（membrane electrode assembly,MEA）构型CO₂还原电解单池的结构设计,可同步实现气体扩散阴极两侧CO₂的供给与电解质液层的更新. 基于该MEA构型电解池,实验考察了电解质液层中KHCO₃浓度和更新与否对氮掺杂石墨烯锚定的Ni电极表面CO₂电还原制备CO的反应活性、产物分布与稳定性的影响. 结果表明,若电流密度低于5 mA·cm^-2,KHCO₃浓度显著影响电解电势而非产物分布. CO₂还原电解单池在稳定运行中存在着“可逆”与“不可逆”两种衰减模式. 其中,阴极/电解质界面处催化剂的流失是 “不可逆”衰减形成的原因;而电解质液层中KHCO₃溶液的流失导致了MEA构型CO₂还原单池的“可逆”衰减,周期性更新KHCO₃电解质是降低其“可逆”衰减的有效方法.     

基于硅基硼掺金刚石电极的电化学-原位核磁共振波谱电解池的设计、制备与可行性研究

电化学与核磁共振波谱联用技术(EC-NMR)可以实时监测电化学反应过程,从分子水平阐释反应机理,是一种非常有前景的无损在线检测技术.本文首次报道以硅基硼掺金刚石(Si/BDD)作为工作电极的原位EC-NMR三电极单室电解池的设计和制作.研究表明,由于尺寸12.5 mm×1.2 mm×0.5 mm的Si/BDD电极在核磁...     

菲的电解还原

菲的电解还原胡明，刘旭光，王志忠（太原工业大学，太原０３００２４）关键词菲，有机电化学，电解还原近年来有机电解技术引入煤转化领域的研究已有过一些综述￣［１～６］。以多环芳烃为模型化合物，研究其在电解条件下的转化行为，从理论和实践上都将为煤及其加工产品...     

Effect of electrolytic colouration on dislocation density in KBr and KCl

Average dislocation density in a number of electrolytically coloured and uncoloured crystals of KBr and KCl has been measured using the etch-pit technique. A decrease in density of dislocation after electrolytic colouration has been observed. This is attributed to the change in the dislocation pattern inside the crystals during colouration to produce more number of vacancies under the typical conditions of large electric field gradient at high temperature.     

Electrochemical bromination of cyclic and acyclic enes using biphasic electrolysis

A simple method of electrochemical bromination of a series of cyclic and acyclic enes (styrene and substituted styrenes, stilbene, indene, and cyclooctene) in a biphasic water–chloroform mixture mediated by bromide/bromine redox system is reported. Aqueous 25% NaBr/H₂SO₄ is used as the electrolyte. Regio- and stereoselective dibromination of enes is achieved. Moderate to excellent yields of the product (83–98%) is obtained depending on the substrate. Electrolyte reuse has also been demonstrated successfully using HBr in the dibromination of styrene.     

变化电压下扩散限制电解沉淀过程对铜的分形维数的影响

研究了铜的二维电解沉淀物在限制条件下的分形维数.拍摄了铜沉淀物随时间变化的照片,使用盒维法分析了各种条件下的豪斯多夫分形维数,并建立了计算机评估模型,以证明电压对豪斯多夫维数的重要影响.根据照片显示沉淀物的欧几里德几何形状也有着规则的变化.     

Structural characteristics and residual stresses in oxide films produced on Ti by pulsed unipolar plasma electrolytic oxidation

Oxide films, 7–10 µm thick, were produced on commercially pure titanium by plasma electrolytic oxidation in a sodium orthophosphate electrolyte using a pulsed unipolar current with frequency (f) and duty cycle (δ) varying within f = 0.1–10 kHz and δ = 0.8–0.2, respectively. The coatings comprised a mixture of an amorphous phase with nanocrystalline anatase and rutile phases, where the relative rutile content range was 17–25 wt%. Incorporation of phosphorus from the electrolyte into the coating in the form of PO₂ ^–, PO₃ ^2– and PO₄ ^3–, as demonstrated by EDX and FT-IR analyses, contributed to the formation of the amorphous phase. Residual stresses associated with the crystalline coating phase constituents were evaluated using the X-ray diffraction sin² ψ method. It was found that, depending on the treatment parameters, internal direct and shear stresses in anatase ranged from–205 (±17) to–431 (±27) MPa and from–98 (±6) to–145 (±10) MPa, respectively, whereas the rutile structure is comparatively stress-free.