镓铟锡液滴撞击泡沫金属表面的运动学特性研究

常温下为液态的镓铟锡合金以其优异的导热性能在具有特殊要求的传热领域有着重要的应用价值,与传统流动介质相比较大的表面张力使得其产生的流动现象必有所区别.本文研究镓铟锡所形成的液滴撞击泡沫金属表面后所产生的铺展、回缩及回弹现象.采用高速相机拍摄液滴投影轮廓随液滴运动的变化过程,并通过图像处理获得不同撞击速度、底板表面孔径下的液滴铺展系数、中心位置轮廓高度以及液滴回弹后在空中的振动特性.研究结果表明:具有较高表面张力的镓铟锡液滴的铺展系数随无量纲时间的变化在铺展初始阶段仍满足常规流体的1/2次幂关系,只在铺展后期与底板的无量纲孔径有关系;液滴的最大铺展系数在较小无量纲孔径底板大于在光滑镍板,且随底板无量纲孔径增大而逐渐减小;在回弹过程,由于底板孔隙结构的存在使得液滴回弹后在空中的振动呈现3种形态:规则的横向和纵向振动、带旋转的横向和纵向振动以及旋转振动;最后,通过对振动频率的拟合和分析,进一步拓展了传统振动频率理论公式在非规则振动过程预测中的应用.      

压电式微滴按需喷射的过程控制和规律

微滴喷射增材制造技术中沉积微滴的大小与均匀性是影响成型件质量的关键因素.本文设计了一种用于生成均匀微滴的压电驱动式微滴喷射装置,通过压电材料带动柔性膜片振动,将液体从喷嘴中喷出生成微滴,采用数值模拟和实验相结合的方法,研究了不同控制参数下膜片振幅及其对生成微滴尺寸和均匀性的影响.研究结果表明:膜片振幅大小受到驱动电压和压电频率的共同影响,压电频率是导致膜片中心点振幅实验测量值小于理论计算值的主要原因,膜片振动会导致喷嘴内部压力发生变化从而影响微滴生成尺寸.在相同驱动电压条件下,压电频率为10 Hz时存在压电膜片振幅最大值.随着膜片振幅的增大,喷孔处液体速度和液柱长度增大到临界值时可以生成微滴,当喷孔处的液柱长度超过临界值时,会形成卫星液滴. 当膜片振幅区间在30 $\mu$m$\sim $42 $\mu $m可以稳定生成微滴,生成最小微滴尺寸为339.8$\mu$m,直径最大变化率为0.29%,相邻两微滴间距最大变化率为2.67%,生成微滴的尺寸及均匀性较好.研究结果有助于提高压电式微滴喷射装置的液滴生成质量.      

The glucocorticoid derivative with the phthalimide group cationic nanocrystal for ophthalmic application: a design space development approach

The glucocorticoid derivative of budesonide with a phthalimide group is a drug candidate to treat inflammatory eye diseases; nevertheless, it presents low water solubility. Drug nanocrystals have been proposed to overcome this hurdle. The development of an innovative ophthalmic anti-inflammatory nanosuspension was performed using a design space approach. We obtained the particle size reduction of this glucocorticoid derivative on a nanometer scale (approximately 165.0 nm), applying wet bead milling on a super reduced scale. The design of experiment supported the optimization of the formula evaluating the parameters that influence reducing the particle size and also allowed determining the design space. Considering the two statistical models developed and the size range obtained, we proposed that the optimized formulation for the glucocorticoid derivative nanosuspension may be 1.0 wt% glucocorticoid derivative and 0.092 wt% cetylpyridinium chloride. This formulation was characterized by the morphological, physical–chemical, and mucoadhesive in vitro test and showed potential for ophthalmic use with reduced frequency of product application, improved efficiency, and safety, which may promote better patient compliance.     

Mass Activated Droplet Sorting (MADS) Enables High‐Throughput Screening of Enzymatic Reactions at Nanoliter Scale

Microfluidic droplet sorting enables the high‐throughput screening and selection of water‐in‐oil microreactors at speeds and volumes unparalleled by traditional well‐plate approaches. Most such systems sort using fluorescent reporters on modified substrates or reactions that are rarely industrially relevant. We describe a microfluidic system for high‐throughput sorting of nanoliter droplets based on direct detection using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Droplets are split, one portion is analyzed by ESI‐MS, and the second portion is sorted based on the MS result. Throughput of 0.7 samples s^?1 is achieved with 98 % accuracy using a self‐correcting and adaptive sorting algorithm. We use the system to screen ≈15 000 samples in 6 h and demonstrate its utility by sorting 25 nL droplets containing transaminase expressed in vitro. Label‐free ESI‐MS droplet screening expands the toolbox for droplet detection and recovery, improving the applicability of droplet sorting to protein engineering, drug discovery, and diagnostic workflows.     

Determining multi‐pesticide residues in teas by dispersive solid‐phase extraction combined with speed‐regulated directly suspended droplet microextraction followed by gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

In this study, an effective speed‐regulated directly suspended droplet microextraction method was developed to condense pesticide residues from teas through dispersive solid‐phase extraction prior to analysis by gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The extractant was intentionally dispersed into the sample solution in the form of globules through high‐speed agitation. This procedure increases the contact area between the binary phases and shortens the distribution equilibrium time. The fine globules reassembled by decelerating stirring speed, the extractant could be taken out for gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Recovery studies were performed under optimized extraction conditions by using matrix blanks fortified with pesticides at three concentrations (10, 50, and 100 µg/kg). Over 87% of the recoveries for the analytes in four tea matrices were acceptable given their recovery ranges of 70–120% and relative standard deviations of ≤20%. The limits of quantification of most pesticides were lower than 10 µg/kg and thus satisfied the requirements for maximum residue levels prescribed by the European Community. A total of 38 tea samples from local markets were analyzed by using the proposed method. Results showed that chlorpyrifos was the most frequently detected pesticide in teas. The method is a potential choice for the routine monitoring of pesticide residues in complex matrices.     

基于贝叶斯参数优化的无模型自适应硅单晶直径控制

直拉硅单晶的生长过程涉及多场多相耦合与复杂的物理化学变化,其中工艺参数的波动是导致晶体直径不均匀的重要原因,如何实现工艺参数的控制以获得理想的、均匀的晶体直径具有重要的研究意义。本文分析现有控制方法存在不稳定以及控制效果不佳的问题后,提出基于贝叶斯参数优化的无模型自适应控制模型来控制硅单晶生长过程中的晶体直径。首先以坩埚上升速度与加热器的功率作为控制输入参数,晶体直径作为输出,搭建无模型自适应控制模型,并分析算法的稳定性。其次将控制模型进行仿真实验,发现硅单晶直径控制模型中不同的超参数设定会影响控制过程的迭代次数以及控制效果。最后,利用贝叶斯优化超参数的取值范围,并进行最终的仿真实验,结果表明,经贝叶斯参数优化后的控制模型计算快、迭代次数少,输出的晶体直径稳定,同时将生长工艺参数控制在实际生产要求范围内。因此,基于贝叶斯参数优化的无模型自适应控制实现了硅单晶直径均匀稳定的有效控制,具有结合工程背景的实际应用前景。     

双流体雾化液滴荷电特性分析

本文通过理论分析,提出了双流体荷电雾化过程中,增大电场强度或减小液滴粒径均能提高荷电效果的论点。针对不同的电极布置情况建立了数值模拟模型,计算结果表明,双流体喷嘴接地时,喷嘴与环状电极之间的电场强度比喷嘴不接地时大很多。通过实验,验证了电场强度、液滴粒径等参数对荷电效果的影响规律,在环状电极荷电情况下,双流体喷嘴接地时,液体荷质比高于双流体喷嘴不接地时的荷质比;电场强度增大,荷质比增加;液滴粒径越小,荷质比越大;在一定的电导率范围内,电导率越大,荷质比越小。实际喷雾中,运动液滴发生二次破碎的临界荷电量小于Rayleigh极限。     

微型燃料电池制备及其微通道摩擦性能的研究

阐述了微型燃料电池的制备过程,结合传统燃料电池数学理论和微流体力学,建立了微型质子交换膜燃料电池(μPEMFC)的数学模型,分析了微通道特性(如摩擦系数和水力直径等)对微型燃料电池性能的影响.结果表明:运用Fluent软件对模型进行计算的仿真结果与公开实验数据基本符合,验证了模型正确性;而传统模型的仿真结果小于真实值;当气道的水力直径Dh从348降至100时,电池性能有所上升;而当Dh值降至61.1时,其性能有所下降.     

过冷水滴撞击螺旋桨桨叶表面的数值模拟

本文介绍了某型螺旋桨在不同飞行状态下.求解桨叶水滴撞击特性的数值方法.该方法对桨叶运动模型进行简化,并在对绕桨叶运动的气流场计算的基础上,采用拉格朗日方法求解气流场中水滴运动方程,得到水滴运动轨迹.进而,确定了水滴对桨叶的撞击特性参数,为桨叶防冰系统设计提供条件.主要结论如下:(1)在巡航状态下,桨叶沿展向方向上总收集系数Em和局部收集系数β不断增大;(2)在爬升状态下,随着爬升高度H不断增大,飞行速度V0不断增大,水滴撞击在桨叶表面的范围有所增加,而且β随之增大;(3)随着水滴平均有效直径(MVD)的增大,水滴撞击在桨叶表面的范围明显增加同时,β在桨叶表面同一位置的值也随之增大.     

低压闪蒸液滴形态和温度变化的研究

将液滴在常压下突然置于低压环境中,液滴由最初的平衡状态变成过热状态,发生闪蒸.本文实验研究了低压闪蒸液滴内部形态和温度的变化,系统描述了液滴闪蒸过程中的各种形态变化,总结了稳态闪蒸和稳态结冰过程中环境压力和初始温度对温度变化的影响.实验结果表明液滴闪蒸分六种形态.稳态闪蒸中环境压力越低,液滴的最终温度也越低;液滴的初始温度越高,降到最低温度的时间越长.稳态结冰过程中,液滴初始温度增加,液滴结冰温度和结冰回升最高温度也随之增加;液滴的结冰温度和回升最高温度随环境压力的增高而减小.