Generation of nanoparticles by spark discharge

The production of nanoparticles by microsecond spark discharge evaporation in inert gas is studied systematically applying transmission electron microscopy, mobility analysis and BET surface area measurement. The method of spark discharge is of special interest, because it is continuous, clean, extremely flexible with respect to material, and scale-up is possible. The particle size distributions are narrow and the mean primary particle size can be controlled via the energy per spark. Separated, unagglomerated particles, 3–12 nm in size, or agglomerates can be obtained depending on the flow rate. The nanoparticulate mass produced is typically 5 g/kWh. A formula is given, which estimates the mass production rate via thermal conductivity, evaporation enthalpy and the boiling point of the material used. We showed that with gas purified at the spot, the method produced gold particles that were so clean that sintering of agglomerated particles occurred at room temperature. The influence of a number of parameters on the primary particle size and mass production rate was studied and qualitatively understood with a model of Lehtinen and Zachariah (J Aerosol Sci 33:357–368, 2002). Surprisingly high charging probabilities for one polarity were obtained. Spark generation is therefore of special interest for producing monodisperse aerosols or particles of uniform size via electrical mobility analysis. Qualitative observations in the present study include the phenomenon of material exchange between the electrodes by the spark, which opens the possibility of producing arbitrary mixtures of materials on a nanoscale. If spark generation of nanoparticles is performed in a standing or almost standing gas, an aerogel of a web-like structure forms between surfaces of different electrical potential.     

CuBr激光放电管声波共振现象的研究

为了使有广泛应用的CuBr激光器能稳定和高效运行,针对实验中出现的激光输出功率随放电频率起伏的情况,给出CuBr激光放电管内声波振动的数学模型。该模型选取圆柱形放电管轴为柱坐标轴对波动方程求解,通过数值计算,获得了放电管内声压分布的解析表达式。通过分析放电频率与激光管固有声振动频率的关系,明确了声共振会导致激光介质重新分布,它对激光输出功率有影响,理论计算结果和实验结果完全符合。     

Characteristics of a dual‐radio‐frequency cylindrical inductively coupled plasma

The plasma parameters such as electron density, effective electron temperature, plasma potential, and uniformity are investigated in a new dual‐frequency cylindrical inductively coupled plasma (ICP) source operating at two frequencies (2 and 13.56 MHz) and two antennas (a two‐turn high‐frequency antenna and a six‐turn low‐frequency (LF) antenna). It is found that the electron density increases with 2 MHz power, whereas the electron temperature and plasma potential decrease with 2 MHz power at a fixed 13.56 MHz power. Moreover, the plasma uniformity can be improved by adjusting the LF power. These results indicate that a dual‐frequency synergistic discharge in a cylindrical ICP can produce a high‐density, low‐potential, low‐effective‐electron‐temperature, and uniform plasma.     

Investigation on the optimal configuration design and discharge characteristics of the helicon plasma tube

Helicon discharge is characterized by its high ionization efficiency. In order to obtain the desired density, the configuration design of the helicon discharge tube is carried out, and the discharge characteristics are then studied to explore the correlation between the plasma parameters and the input discharge parameters. Finite‐length helicon discharge theory is employed to calculate the plasma resistance R _p, and then the optimal tube length L _s, the radius r _p, and the tube–antenna gap d are confirmed. The partial and energy loss mechanisms of the tube are investigated based on low‐pressure discharge particle collision theory. The results show that, for a 10‐cm‐long Nagoya III type antenna, with a tube radius of 4 cm and length of 20 cm, the R _p versus n _e curves have peak values at n _e higher than 10¹² cm⁻³ when the magnetic field intensity B ₀ ≥ 200 G. We find that a local minimum of P _loss exists when p ₀ is ∼1.5–3.0 mTorr; meanwhile, the radial confinement reduces T _e and P _loss at constant p ₀.     

Triboelectrification of granular insulating materials as affected by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) treatment

The aim of this paper is to point out the influence of dielectric barrier discharge treatment on tribocharging of granular insulating materials. Particles of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) and Polypropylene (PP) were subjected to an AC dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment in ambient airprior to tribocharging in a vibratory device. The charge to mass ratio was measured for treated and untreated materials. Electrostatic separation of a mixture of granular materials (PVC and PP) to measure the effectiveness of DBD treatment was evaluated by processing treated and untreated PVC/PP granular mixtures in a free-fall electrostatic separator. The obtained results clearly indicate that DBD has the capability to influence surface charging proprieties of polymer granular materials. In case of short treatment time, typically less than 3 s, a marked increase in the charge to mass ratios was observed for both PVC (about 35%) and PP (roughly 45%). In the same way, the quantity of DBD-treated materials, recovered after electrostatic separation, was increased by about 104% and 30% for PVC and PP, respectively, as compared to untreated case. The DBD treatment time is a key factor to increase the tribo electric effect.     

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通过测量大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体辐射信号,建立偶极子辐射模型,利用快速傅立叶变换,计算了大气压介质阻挡放电等离子体中离子速度分布。计算结果表明,速度分布偏离麦克斯韦分布,并且随着放电过程的进行,离子速度及相对离子数进行有规律的变化。     

ELECTRON TRANSPORT BEHAVIOURS IN THE NITROGEN DIRECT CURRENT GLOW DISCHARGE

A Monte Carlo simulation is presented to describe the electron transport behaviours in the nitrogen direct current glow discharge. The energy and angular distributions of the electrons at different positions of the cathode dark space are calculated; their energy and density distribution features throughout the entire discharge are discussed. The influence of molecular vibrational excitation, typical for electron－molecule collisions, has been studied and the elementary process of active species generation has been illustrated. The simulated results reveal that, in the cathode dark space, the high-energy electrons are mainly forward scattering and behave as a high-energy ‘electron beam'. The sharp increase of the number of secondary electrons plays an important role in producing active species at the interface between the cathode dark space and the negative glow region. The vibrational excitation enhances the energy loss of electrons in the negative glow region.     

HIRFL新B1聚束器冷却系统设计

在利用 MAFIA程序计算得到的新 B1聚束器腔体表面电流分布的基础上 ,提出了新 B1聚束器的冷却方案 ,并计算了水流及水管表面的电流分布 ,得到了冷却所需要的流量。最后估计了由于工作温度的升高所引起的并联阻抗的减小及频率的漂移。     

S2激光器的发展

本文回顾硫双原子分子激光器的发展历史,通过借鉴已有激光器件在设计上积累的成功经验和存在的不足之处,提出一种新型可拆卸式横向脉冲快放电S₂激光管的设计方案,并给出此激光管设计的截面图和立体图。     

使用ZFK-500型高速摄影机对液中放电现象的摄影观察

液中放电是通过放电的方式将电能高速转化为热、光、力、声等其他形式的能量。它具有一系列独特的优点,使它广泛应用于许多领域。因此,关于液中放电的研究具有重要的理论与实践意义。我们使用ZFK-500型高速摄影机对液中放电的击穿与弧道过程、冲击波的形成与传播过程,进行了比较成功的观察。大量清晰的摄影,记录了击穿时微弱光线的光导及其在整个放电阶段的情况;记录了液中放电弧道膨胀的特点 此外,不发光现象-冲击波形成与传播过程的记录,都为液中放电的理论研究,提供了十分宝贵的科学依据。