Montmorillonite K10 Clay: An Efficient Catalyst for Hantzsch Synthesis of 1,4‐Dihydropyridine Derivatives

An efficient, solid‐catalyst‐mediated Hantzsch synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridines is described. This procedure has such advantages as short reaction time, high yields, and simple workup. The catalyst could be reused several times and keeps its initial activity in the subsequent reactions.     

New Protocol to Synthesize Spiro‐1,4‐dihydropyridines by Using a Multicomponent Reaction of Cyclohexanone,Ethyl Cyanoacetate,Isatin, and Primary Amines under Microwave Irradiation

Series of some new spiro‐1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives have been synthesized in good yields in a four‐component, solvent‐free process by condensation of isatins, primary amines, ethyl cyanoacetate, and cyclohexanone under microwave irradiation.     

Cationic polymerization of isobutylene at room temperature

This review highlights recent approaches toward polyisobutylene (PIB) by an energy efficient room temperature cationic polymerization. Special focus is laid on our own work using modified Lewis acids and nitrile‐ligated metal complexes associated with weakly coordinating anions. In both cases, suitable conditions have been found for efficient production of PIB characterized by medium to low molar masses and a high content of exo double bonds as end groups—the typical features of highly reactive PIB, an important commercial intermediate toward oil and gasoline additives. These and other approaches demonstrate that the cationic polymerization of isobutylene is still not fully explored, and new innovative catalyst systems can lead to surprising results of high commercial interest. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2013     

Leveraging Material Properties in Fluorescence Anion Sensor Arrays: A General Approach

As the demand for probes suitable for sensor development increases, investigation of approaches that utilize known successful receptors gains in general importance. This study describes a two‐prong approach that can be used as a guide to developing sensors from known receptors. First, the conversion of a simple receptor, calix[4]pyrrole, into a fluorescent probe to establish a ratiometric signal is described. Secondly, the sensors that employ an output from a single ratiometric calix[4]pyrrole probe are fabricated by using poly(ether‐urethane) hydrogel copolymers. These hydrogels are designed to absorb, internalize and transport aqueous electrolytes. A sensor array of ten different poly(ether‐urethane) matrices with varying comonomer proportions were doped with a single probe and were exposed to eight different anions: acetate, benzoate, fluoride, chloride, phosphate, pyrophosphate, hydrogen sulfide, and cyanide, eight urine samples and anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The poly(ether‐urethane) matrices comprise different proportions of anion‐binding urethane moieties and different hydrophilicity given by the ratio between ethylene glycol ether and butylene glycol ether. This diversity in the hydration behavior provides different environment polarity, in which the recognition and self‐assembly processes display enough diverse behavior to allow for unique response of the probe to the analytes. Furthermore, a single probe is shown to recognize eight different aqueous anions and eight urine samples when embedded in ten different polyurethanes in an array that displays 100 % classification accuracy. To demonstrate the potential of the concept for quantitative studies, an estimation of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs ibuprofen and diclofenac in water and in saliva was performed. A limit of detection of 0.1 ppm and a dynamic range of 0.1–0.6 and 0.05–60 ppm was observed, respectively. Given the general difficulty of chemosensors to recognize aqueous anions, the fact that one probe recognizes eight different analytes attests to an enormous effect of the polymer environment on the recognition process. This method could be used to generate a variety of sensor arrays for various analyses including species that are difficult to recognize, such as small‐molecule‐ and inorganic anions.     

Templating Irreversible Covalent Macrocyclization by Using Anions

Inorganic anions were used as templates in the reaction between a diamine and an activated diacid to form macrocyclic amides. The reaction conditions were found to perform the macrocyclization sufficiently slow to observe a template effect. A number of analytical methods were used to clarify the reaction mechanisms and to show that the structure of the intermediate plays a decisive role in determining the product distribution. For the macrocyclization under kinetic control, it was shown that the amount of a template, the conformational rigidity of building blocks, and the anion affinities of reaction components and intermediates are important parameters that one should take into consideration to achieve high yields.     

一种基于偶氮水杨醛酰腙的CN-探针

设计合成了一种基于偶氮苯基团的简单而高效的比色探针L1,并利用紫外-可见吸收光谱考察其对阴离子（F^-, Cl^-, Br^-, I^-, AcO^-, H₂PO₄^-, HSO₄^-, ClO₄^-和CN^-）的识别性能。结果表明：探针L1在DMSO/H₂O（5：5, V/V）的含水体系中,可以实现对CN^-单一选择性识别;且加入CN^-时,溶液颜色立刻由无色变为红色,而加入其它阴离子则无变化,说明该探针能够实现对CN^-的裸眼识别。另外,该探针对CN^-的检测灵敏度较高,最低检测限达到了1.3 μmol·L^-1。此外,我们制作了负载有探针分子L1的试纸条,能够更加方便快捷的检测CN^-。     

Coordination polymer chains built from CuII and adipate ions linked by hydrogen bonds to form a three‐dimensional framework structure

In the title compound, catena‐poly[bis[(2,2′‐bipyridine‐κ²N,N′)(1,1,3,3‐tetracyano‐2‐ethoxypropenido‐κN)copper(II)]‐μ₄‐hexanedioato‐κ⁶O¹,O^1′:O¹:O⁶,O^6′:O⁶], [Cu₂(C₉H₅N₄O)₂(C₆H₈O₄)(C₁₀H₈N₂)₂]_n, the adipate (hexanedioate) dianion lies across a centre of inversion in the space group P. The Cu^II centre adopts a distorted form of axially elongated (4+2) coordination, and the Cu^II and adipate components form a one‐dimensional coordination polymer from which the 2,2′‐bipyridine and 1,1,3,3‐tetracyano‐2‐ethoxypropenide components are pendent, and where each adipate dianion is bonded to four different Cu^II centres. The coordination polymer chains are linked into a three‐dimensional framework structure by a combination of C—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, augmented by a π–π stacking interaction.     

Exploring the Reactivity of B-Connected Carboranylphosphines in Frustrated Lewis Pair Chemistry: A New Frame for a Classic System

The primary phosphines MesPH₂ and tBuPH₂ react with 9-iodo-m-carborane yielding B9-connected secondary carboranylphosphines 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR (R=2,4,6-Me₃C₆H₂ (Mes; 1 a ), tBu ( 1 b )). Addition of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF) to 1 a , b resulted in the zwitterionic compounds 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR(p-C₆F₄)BF(C₆F₅)₂ ( 2 a , b ) through nucleophilic para substitution of a C₆F₅ ring followed by fluoride transfer to boron. Further reaction with Me₂SiHCl prompted a H−F exchange yielding the zwitterionic compounds 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PHR(p-C₆F₄)BH(C₆F₅)₂ ( 3 a , b ). The reaction of 2 a , b with one equivalent of R'MgBr (R’=Me, Ph) gave the extremely water-sensitive frustrated Lewis pairs 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)B(C₆F₅)₂ ( 4 a , b ). Hydrolysis of the B−C₆F₄ bond in 4 a , b gave the first tertiary B-carboranyl phosphines with three distinct substituents, 1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄H) ( 5 a , b ). Deprotonation of the zwitterionic compounds 2 a , b and 3 a , b formed anionic phosphines [1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)BX(C₆F₅)₂]⁻[DMSOH]⁺ (R=Mes, X=F ( 6 a ), R=tBu, X=F ( 6 b ); R=Mes, X=H ( 7 a ), R=tBu, X=H ( 7 b )). Reaction of 2 a , b with an excess of Grignard reagents resulted in the addition of R’ at the boron atom yielding the anions [1,7-H₂C₂B₁₀H₉-9-PR(p-C₆F₄)BR’(C₆F₅)₂]⁻ (R=Mes, R’=Me ( 8 a ), R=tBu, R’=Me ( 8 b ); R=Mes, R’=Ph ( 9 a ), R=tBu, R’=Ph ( 9 b )) with [MgBr(Et₂O)_n]⁺ as counterion. The ability of the zwitterionic compounds 3 a , b to hydrogenate imines as well as the Brønsted acidity of 3 a were investigated.     

[2+3] Amide Cages by Oxidation of [2+3] Imine Cages – Revisiting Molecular Hosts for Highly Efficient Nitrate Binding

The pollution of groundwater with nitrate is a serious issue because nitrate can cause several diseases such as methemoglobinemia or cancer. Therefore, selective removal of nitrate by efficient binding to supramolecular hosts is highly desired. Here we describe how to make [2+3] amide cages in very high to quantitative yields by applying an optimized Pinnick oxidation protocol for the conversion of corresponding imine cages. By NMR titration experiments of the eight different [2+3] amide cages with nitrate, chloride and hydrogen sulfate we identified one cage with an unprecedented high selectivity towards nitrate binding vs. chloride (S=705) or hydrogensulfate (S>13500) in CD₂Cl₂/CD₃CN (1 : 3). NMR experiments as well as single-crystal structure comparison of host-guest complexes give insight into structure-property-relationships.