A Study on the thermal destruction of rice husk in air and nitrogen atmosphere

The methods of X-ray analysis, infrared spectroscopy, differential thermal analysis and scanning electron microscopy were used in this study. The objects of the experiments were rice husk obtained during processing of rice, variety Krasnodarski 424. The rice husk was burnt in air and in non-oxygen medium at several burning temperatures. The color of the oxidized product was stipulated by the burning temperature. The X-ray analysis showed that the amorphous SiO₂ present in the rice husk begins to crystallize in the form of α-cristobalite at 850°C. Using differential thermal analysis, the thermal destruction of rice husk was studied in air and nitrogen media and the initial and final temperatures of the process were determined. The silica distribution was examined by scanning electron microscopy and infrared spectroscopic techniques.     

Plasma Destruction of Ozone Depleting Substances

The literature on the plasma destruction of ozone depleting substances (ODS) such as CCl₂F₂ and CBrF₃ is reviewed, and compared with more recent work on the decomposition of CCl₂F₂ and CBrClF₂ in oxygen and steam. A comprehensive kinetic scheme for the decomposition of CBrClF₂, which includes the decomposition of CCl₂F₂ and CBrF₃, is presented. Simulations performed with this scheme, and experimental results, demonstrate the importance of allowing for the interconversion of ODS in the assessment of plasma destruction devices.Both experimental and modeling results show that the efficiency of operation of a practical plasma ODS destruction device can be quantified in terms of a throughput parameter, the feed to plasma power ratio (units mol (kWh)^-1), or in terms of the thermochemical mixing temperature, T_m, of the plasma, ODS and oxidant. At low throughputs and high T_m, essentially complete destruction may be achieved, with below-ppm quantities of ODS remaining in the plasma exhaust gases. As throughput rises and Tm falls, a threshold is reached above which the ODS residual rises steeply towards the practical working limit set for ODS destruction by the Montreal Protocol (a destruction level of 99.99%). The assessment of this limit must include all ODS in the exhaust gases, weighted for ozone depleting potential. The use of steam, rather than oxygen, as the oxidizing gas gives superior destruction performance.     

Thermal stability and combustibility of butyl and halogenated butyl rubbers

The effects of flame retardants such as hydrated aluminium oxide, antimony trioxide and chloroparaffin on the thermal properties and flammability of sulphur vulcanizates of butyl and halogenated butyl elastomers were studied. The thermoanalytical curves of the elastomers were interpreted. Greater tendencies to thermal degradation were observed for halogenated butyl elastomers than for the original butyl rubber elastomer. This was confirmed by elastomer combustibility studies. The use of these flame retardants allowed the formation of self-extinguishing vulcanizates of the investigated elastomers.     

光场作用下特殊势阱模型中的量子隧穿抑制和其物理解释

当一个单独的分子被镶嵌在一个主体的媒质中时,外加的激光场可以使其中的隧道效应被抑制.外场作用时,形成A型三能级系统,通过缀饰分析法、黑态明态分析法和一些近似,得出结论.明黑态的分析乃是对这一特殊系统发生相干隧穿抑制现象的一种物理解释.在一定的情况下粒子不但可以被定域在各自所处的阱里,而且可以完全定域在较低的势阱里.     

Onset conditions for bicontinuity of domain structure in polymeric fluids

Recent investigations have somewhat clarified a supermolecular organization of polymeric fluids. Specifically, it has been found that at certain conditions water solutions of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) are two-phase fluids. As molecular weight increases one of two phases—the phase rich in polymer—first separates out as scattered globules. Then it builds up a liquid–crystalline fibrillar network. This network produces characteristic properties of PEO solutions: shear-thinning, elasticity, dynamic birefringence, macromolecular destruction. Most likely, similar properties of other polymeric fluids are generated in an analogous way. In this work for the same system, experiments have been pursued to find a surface that separates in the “intrinsic viscosity, concentration, temperature” space regions of the globular and the network state. Two methods were used. The first one is based on the fact that scission of PEO molecules stops at transition from the network state to the globular state. The second method employs the fact that only the network solutions possess shear-thinning properties. Previously published results are also used. The action of temperature was not detected. With increasing the intrinsic viscosity, the boundary concentration decreases. Data reveal that by dilution one can always obtain a solution in which PEO is not susceptible to destruction. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3208–3216, 1999     

Chemical Composition of Nanoglobular Material on the Surface of Rubber Regenerate Prepared by Explosive Circulation Technology

The rubber crumbs produced by the explosive circular destruction of worn-out automobile tires were studied. The crumbs showed high hydrophilicity. Their surface was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. C, O, S, Zn, and Si were detected on the surface, and their chemical states were determined. The same chemical composition in the rubber crumb surface prepared by the explosive grinding of tires, as well as nanoglobules covering the crumb surface, was revealed. The appearance of polar groups on the crumb surface explains its high hydrophilicity and good compatibility with polymer matrices.     

脉冲强激光破坏Hg0.8Cd0.2Te晶片材料的机理分析

利用光学金相显微镜对TEA-CO2脉冲强激光辐照的Hg0.8Cd0.2Te晶片表面进行了观察。在单脉冲能量为37.5 J,能量密度为937.5 J/cm2的强激光辐照下,晶片表面呈现出熔融迹象和大量的微裂纹,微裂纹密度从激光辐照区中心向外逐渐减少,裂纹沿晶体的(111)面扩展。随着脉冲连续作用次数的增加,晶片表面熔融更加剧烈,裂纹数目、裂纹深度和宽度都有所增加。分析认为：HgCdTe晶片的破坏与激光辐照能量、脉冲连续作用次数、激光场强分布、激光热应力、激光支持的燃烧波和物质的蒸发波等冲击波有关。     

激光辐照下充压柱壳失效的三维离散元模拟

应用三维离散元方法模拟了充压柱壳在激光辐照下的破坏过程。结果表明 ,在较低功率密度和较大光斑情况下 ,光斑中央产生裂纹并沿轴向扩展引起破坏。在高功率密度和小光斑情况下 ,则产生中央穿孔破坏。对于铁合金 ,当材料的延展性较大时 ,可能产生第三种破坏形式 ,即在数十微秒量级产生较大面积的整体粉碎性爆裂。模拟结果与实验对比吻合较好。     

Modeling of the Front of Melting and Destruction of a Melt Film During Gas‐Laser Cutting of Metals

The products of laser cutting of metals on an automated laser setup are investigated. Results of model experiments are presented, where soft wax was used instead of metal transforming into the melt; soft wax filled a narrow flat slot between two glass plates and was removed by a heated air stream. The physical processes of melting of the liquidwax film, its destruction, and entrainment by the gas jet being assumed to be analogous to the processes of metalmelt spraying inside the cut in fullscale experiments, the characteristic size of drops formed thereby is evaluated. The modeling results are in qualitative agreement with the results of fullscale experiments. It is shown that the quality of laser cutting of metals directly depends on the character of spraying of the liquid melt and the process of its removal.     

On Entropy,Information, and Conservation of Information

The term entropy is used in different meanings in different contexts, sometimes in contradictory ways, resulting in misunderstandings and confusion. The root cause of the problem is the close resemblance of the defining mathematical expressions of entropy in statistical thermodynamics and information in the communications field, also called entropy, differing only by a constant factor with the unit ‘J/K’ in thermodynamics and ‘bits’ in the information theory. The thermodynamic property entropy is closely associated with the physical quantities of thermal energy and temperature, while the entropy used in the communications field is a mathematical abstraction based on probabilities of messages. The terms information and entropy are often used interchangeably in several branches of sciences. This practice gives rise to the phrase conservation of entropy in the sense of conservation of information, which is in contradiction to the fundamental increase of entropy principle in thermodynamics as an expression of the second law. The aim of this paper is to clarify matters and eliminate confusion by putting things into their rightful places within their domains. The notion of conservation of information is also put into a proper perspective.