Large-eddy simulation of a bluff-body stabilised turbulent premixed flame using the transported flame surface density approach

A premixed propane–air flame stabilised on a triangular bluff body in a model jet-engine afterburner configuration is investigated using large-eddy simulation (LES). The reaction rate source term for turbulent premixed combustion is closed using the transported flame surface density (TFSD) model. In this approach, there is no need to assume local equilibrium between the generation and destruction of subgrid FSD, as commonly done in simple algebraic closure models. Instead, the key processes that create and destroy FSD are accounted for explicitly. This allows the model to capture large-scale unsteady flame propagation in the presence of combustion instabilities, or in situations where the flame encounters progressive wrinkling with time. In this study, comprehensive validation of the numerical method is carried out. For the non-reacting flow, good agreement for both the time-averaged and root-mean-square velocity fields are obtained, and the Karman type vortex shedding behaviour seen in the experiment is well represented. For the reacting flow, two mesh configurations are used to investigate the sensitivity of the LES results to the numerical resolution. Profiles for the velocity and temperature fields exhibit good agreement with the experimental data for both the coarse and dense mesh. This demonstrates the capability of LES coupled with the TFSD approach in representing the highly unsteady premixed combustion observed in this configuration. The instantaneous flow pattern and turbulent flame behaviour are discussed, and the differences between the non-reacting and reacting flow are described through visualisation of vortical structures and their interaction with the flame. Lastly, the generation and destruction of FSD are evaluated by examining the individual terms in the FSD transport equation. Localised regions where straining, curvature and propagation are each dominant are observed, highlighting the importance of non-equilibrium effects of FSD generation and destruction in the model afterburner.     

Theoretical analysis on the exergy destruction mechanisms and reduction under LTC relevant conditions

Low temperature combustion (LTC) is a potential thermodynamic pathway to maximize the thermal efficiency of internal combustion (IC) engines. However, high exergy loss is also observed within this combustion concept. The present study focuses on the homogeneous combustion process and examines the detailed exergy destruction mechanisms under representative LTC engine conditions. By varying both equivalence ratios (φ) and temperatures (T) at initial pressure of 50?bar, it is found that the decreased total exergy destruction fraction (f_ED) with increasing initial temperature mainly results from the decreased exergy destruction in the high temperature heat release stage, while using rich mixture can significantly reduce the f_ED in the ignition delay stage, which is dominated by the reactions involving large molecules (C7 species). Reaction pathway analysis reveals that the detailed exergy destruction sources are significantly affected by the reaction pathways. Furthermore, a qualitative exergy loss φ-T map was created to illustrate the exergy loss reduction potential. It is concluded that the combustion pathway that reforming the rich fuel/air mixtures before ignition followed by the low temperature combustion of lean reforming products offers the potential to simultaneously reduce exergy destruction and avoid soot and NOx formation. However, the potential advantages of this exergy reduction combustion concept still require further work.     

SHF Plasma Removal of Photoconductive Coatings from Semiconductor Wafers

An analysis is given for the dynamics of the removal of photoconductive protective film coatings within the volume of a SHF discharge plasma in oxygen and for the character of change in the intensity of emission of the spectral line OI ( = 844.6 nm) used to control removal of photoresist when a large number of silicon wafers are treated. The results obtained make it possible to supplement the phenomenological model of the process of plasmachemical distribution of photoconductive films within the volume of an SHF discharge oxygen plasma.     

按不允许破坏状态反演优化设计钢筋混凝土框架

按在给定荷载作用下结构所不允许发生的破坏，确定结构应有的有关参数(如钢筋混凝土框架结构的配筋率、混凝土标号、截面尺寸等)，是不同于传统结构设计的一种新的设计理念。结合根据结构的破坏状态反演确定结构的有关参数的方法和结构优化设计的思想，本文提出了一种根据结构在遭遇灾难性荷载时“不倒”的设计原则进行结构优化设计的方法，谓为反演优化设计两步法，首先采用奖惩法确定可行点，给出可用的结构参数，然后再进行定向搜索，给出最优的结构参数。文中通过具体算例，说明该方法对钢筋混凝土框架结构按不允许的破坏状态进行优化设计基本上是可行和有效的。     

清水介质条件下天然橡胶磨损45#钢的机理研究

为了提高流体机械和石油机械中橡胶－金属摩擦副的使用寿命，针对目前人们大都只着眼于改善橡胶耐磨性的现状，对清水介质条件下天然橡胶磨损４５＃钢的机理进行了研究．用扫描电子显微镜和Ｘ射线光电子能谱仪，对天然橡胶和４５＃钢表面磨损前后的微观形貌、元素的组成和结合能进行了分析，用傅立叶表面红外分析仪分析了天然橡胶磨损前后表面官能团的变化．结果表明：在给定的试验条件下，天然橡胶磨损４５＃钢的物理过程主要是滞留在摩擦表面的铁屑和添加剂颗粒对钢的微切削作用；摩擦界面发生的力化学反应主要有橡胶表面的分子链力裂解和氧化降解，橡胶大分子自由基与Ｆｅ反应生成Ｆｅ－高分子化合物，橡胶大分子链中的羧基与Ｆｅ的反应，以及Ｆｅ的氧化反应．橡胶磨损４５＃钢的过程是Ｆｅ与橡胶及介质之间发生力化学反应在４５＃钢表面形成化学反应膜，反应膜在微切削作用下脱落造成钢的磨损．这种磨损机理主要属于摩擦界面材料的化学－力学自催化破坏机理     

Biomechanical effects of shock waves onEscherichia coli and λphage DNA

Escherichia coli (recombinant cells) and phage DNA in suspension liquid were exposed to pressure pulses of about 20s duration and amplitude of up to 14 MPa. These pulses were generated by a diaphragmless shock tube. The destruction of cells was monitored by the assay of phenylalanine dehydrogenase leaking from the recombinant cells and was found to increase remarkably at the peak pressure of higher than 12 MPa. A probability relation for the cell destruction expressed as a function of pressure was proposed. It is most likely that there exists a threshold pressure for the cell destruction. Fragmentation effects of shock waves on phage DNA were analyzed by electrophoresis. They were enhanced by increasing the shock wave strength and the number of shots. Probability for the DNA fragmentation as a function of pressure and molecular size was estimated with HPLC. The larger size of the DNA was more easily fragmented. A threshold pressure does not seem to exist for the DNA fragmentation.     

Mathematical Model for the Numerical Solution of Nonstationary Problems in Solid Mechanics by a Modified Godunov Method

A mathematical model of substance behavior under developed elastoplastic strains is worked out for solving onedimensional problems of solid mechanics. The model is based on the fundamental laws of conservation of mass, momentum, and total energy, Wilkins model, kinetic model of substance destruction, and modified Godunov method for the numerical solution of problems in mathematical physics. A hybrid difference scheme is constructed, which approximates acoustics equations with constant coefficients in smooth flows for the case of plane symmetry with the second order in time and space.     

水溶性染料在PbTiO3体系中的光催化降解

以PbTiO₃为光催化剂,对多种水溶性染料的光催化降解反应进行了研究,结果表明：光降解脱色效率与染料溶液的pH值、光照时间、光源种类及催化剂用量等因素有关.染料溶液浓度为10mg/L,pH=6,催化剂用量为100mg/50mL,直接以太阳光作光源,光照1h以后,脱色率达90%以上,有机染料中硫和氮元素转化为SO₄^2-和NO₃^-的生成率分别为85%和65%.     

Effect of habitat destruction on cooperation in public goods games

We explore the evolution of cooperation in a public goods game where the habitat destruction is taken into account. A model of ordinary differential equations is proposed, in which incorporate the habitat destroyed. And we focus on the impact of different levels of habitat destruction on cooperation. Our results show that the fraction of cooperation receives the biggest boost for moderate habitat destruction, and decreases to zero very quickly for a higher degree of habitat destruction. Similarly, our results suggest that low or moderate habitat degradation can promote the evolution of cooperators, and once habitat degradation is too severe, the fraction of cooperators will decline dramatically. Furthermore, we investigate the cooperation level with different multiplication factor, and results demonstrate that the cooperation increases monotonously with the increasing of the multiplication factor. Our findings may provide many more insights for understanding the emergence and maintenance of cooperation in the complex biological and social systems.     

Evaluation of Various Ejector Profiles on CO2 Transcritical Refrigeration System Performance

This study examines the potential impact of the different ejector profiles on the CO₂ transcritical cooling system to highlight the contribution of the multi-ejector in the system performance improvement. The research compares the implementation of an ejector-boosted CO₂ refrigeration system over the second-generation layout at a motive flow temperature of 35 °C and discharge pressure of 90 bar to account for the transcritical operation mode. The result revealed a significant energy saving by reducing the input power to the maximum of 8.77% when the ejector was activated. Furthermore, the multi-ejector block could recover up to 25.4% of the expansion work losses acquired by both ejector combinations VEJ1 + 2. In addition, the behavior of the multi-ejector geometries and operation conditions greatly influence the system exergy destruction. The analysis shows a remarkable lack of exergy destruction during the expansion process by deploying the ejector in parallel with the HPV.