A Long‐Cycling Aqueous Zinc‐Ion Pouch Cell: NASICON‐Type Material and Surface Modification

Aqueous zinc‐ion batteries (ZIBs) have become the highest potential energy storage system for large‐scale applications owing to the high specific capacity, good safety and low cost. In this work, a NASICON‐type Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode modified by a uniform carbon layer (NVP/C) has been synthesized via a facile solid‐state method and exhibited significantly improved electrochemical performance when working in an aqueous ZIB. Specifically, the NVP/C cathode shows an excellent rate capacity (e. g., 48 mAh g^?1 at 1.0 A g^?1). Good cycle stability is also achieved (e. g., showing a capacity retention of 88% after 2000 cycles at 1.0 A g^?1). Furthermore, the Zn²⁺ (de)intercalation mechanism in the NVP cathode has been determined by various ex‐situ techniques. In addition, a Zn||NVP/C pouch cell has been assembled, delivering a high capacity of 89 mAhg^?1 at 0.2 A g^?1 and exhibiting a superior long cycling stability.     

综合性、设计性实验教学的探讨

综合性、设计性实验是培养学生的创新意识、创新精神和创新能力的有效措施;本文就开设综合性、设计性实验的意义、内涵、与基础实验的关系以及如何设计项目内容进行了初步的探讨。     

普物实验教学应科学引导学生进行知能整合

以“电池电动势和内阻的测定”为例,简述了在普物实验教学中,科学引导学生进行知能整合的过程,使科学知识与相关知识的应用实现了最佳的整合,提高了学生设计实验、实验测量、科学评定实验过程及测量结果的能力。     

加强物理实验改革培养学生创新能力

本文阐述了物理实验在培养创新能力方面的重要作用,针对物理实验存在的问题提出了改革措施,从而达到培养学生创新能力的目的。     

一种新型双吡啶悬臂Mn(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、晶体结构及DNA结合能力研究

通过3,3′-((乙烷-1,2-二基双(2-甲基吡啶杂氮二基)双(亚甲基))双(2-羟基-5-甲基苯甲醛)与2-羟基-1,3-丙二胺的缩合反应得到一种具有双吡啶悬臂的双核锰配合物。通过X射线单晶衍射确定了该配合物结构,结果显示其分子式为[Mn₂(C₃₇H₄₃N₆O₆)]·(ClO₄)₂。该配合物属于单斜晶系,P2₁/c空间群,晶胞参数为:a=1.096 50(19) nm, b=1.419 5(3) nm, c=3.109 4(5) nm, β=108.153(5)°。进一步分析表明两个二价锰离子分别与(N_amine)₂(N_imine)₂O₃和(N_imine)₂O₄体系配位,它们与配位原子形成的几何构型分别是十面体和扭曲的八面体。两个中心锰离子距离为0.331 6 nm,由酚氧原子和醋酸根共同桥联。另外,本文也利用伏安法和黏度法对该配合物与小牛胸腺DNA的结合能力进行研究,实验结果表明它们之间的结合方式为弱的插入作用。     

以系列三维立体投影实验为例谈大学物理实验中的创新型人才培养

创新能力是本世纪的核心竞争力,其关键是创新型人才的培养,这为理工类高校的实验教学提出了新的挑战.目前高校中的以学生为主体,教师为主导的大学生创新实验项目的实施是解决此挑战的有效途径之一.以笔者承担的系列三维立体投影物理实验的大学生创新实验项目为例,探讨了大学物理实验中的创新型人才培养模式.通过循序渐进的实验过程,引导学生自主搭建实验装置和编写控制程序,有效培养了学生的创新和实践能力,为高校实验教学改革提供了参考.     

新型两亲性壳聚糖衍生物的合成、表征及对难溶性药物的增溶性

以天然可生物降解的壳聚糖为原料, 通过在壳聚糖6位羟基上引入羧甲基, 在2位氨基上引入疏水烷基链, 制得N-辛基-O,N-羧甲基壳聚糖(OCC)两亲性衍生物, 分别用FTIR、1H NMR和元素分析等技术对其结构进行表征, 用广角X射线衍射(WAXD)和差示扫描量热法(DSC)对其物理性质进行分析, 并考察其在各种溶剂中的溶解性能及其对难溶性药物的增溶能力. 所制备的OCC羧甲基取代度为115.9%, 取代主要发生在6位羟基上; 辛基取代度58.0%, 取代主要发生在2位氨基上; 与壳聚糖相比, OCC分子间/内氢键作用减弱; OCC在常用的有机溶剂中不溶, 但在水中溶解度增加, 能够形成具有淡蓝色乳光的纳米胶体溶液, 对难溶性抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇具有优越的增溶能力, 使紫杉醇在水中的溶解度提高近500倍, 载药量为34.6%(质量分数), 包封率为89.9%. OCC是潜在的优良的难溶性药物增溶载体材料.     

应用于染料敏化太阳能电池的基于染料R6的含有不同吸电子基团的有机染料的理论研究

Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) are the most promising alternatives to traditional fossil energy because of their advantages of low production cost, facile structure, relatively low environmental impact, relatively high photoelectronic absorption efficiency, and overall high efficiency. In addition, several studies on sensitizers as vital components have been conducted over the last three decades. Compared to metal dyes, metal-free organic dyes have been considered as promising candidates because of their simple fabrication, multiple structures, high molar absorption coefficients, easily tunable properties, and environmental friendliness. In this study, we systematically investigated the optoelectronic properties of six metal-free organic donor-acceptor dyes (RD1–6) derived from the known dye R6 by using the density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT methods. Cell performance parameters were discussed, including the geometrical and electronic structures, absorption spectrum, adsorption energy, light harvesting efficiency (LHE) curve, predictive short circuit current density (J_sc^Pred.), predictive open circuit voltage (V_oc^Pred.), and theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE). Results revealed that all the designed dyes exhibited high theoretical PCE. In particular, dyes RD1, 2, and 4–6 showed greater conjugations, and dyes RD1–3 had smaller energy gaps than those of the reference dye. In addition, dyes RD1–3, 5, and 6 exhibited better light harvesting capacities that covered the entire visible region and extended to the near-infrared region with obviously red-shift maximum absorption wavelengths (λ_max), wider LHE curves, and higher J_sc^Pred. as compared to the reference dye. It was critical that dyes RD1 and 2 not only have greater conjugations and narrow band gaps but also good light harvesting capacities with more than 56-nm red-shift maximum absorption wavelengths and broadened LHE curves than those of the reference dye. Notably, mainly because of an average increment of 12.0% of J_sc^Pred., a remarkable increment of the theoretical power conversion efficiency was observed from 12.6% for dye R6 to 14.1% for dyes RD1 and 2. Thus, dyes RD1 and 2 exhibited superior cell performances and could be promising sensitizer candidates for highly efficient DSSCs. These results could be used to guide effective synthetic efforts in the discovery of efficient metal-free organic dye sensitizers in DSSCs.     

仪器分析教学中通过实例培养学生的创新能力——电位滴定终点确定的新方法

以电位滴定终点确定新方法探讨研究为例,从5个方面介绍将创新能力培养融入基础课教学的探索。通过该研究提高了学生基础课学习热情与学习质量。首先改进了二次差值微商终点计算方法,通过Excel 计算Δ2E/ΔV-V 二次差值微商法数据表中的最高点与最低点直线线性方程 y=ax+b,令 y=0, x=-b/a即为终点。另外,研究得到了模拟滴定曲线微分法确定电位滴定终点的新方法。用Excel 对滴定曲线进行三次方程模拟即:y=ax3+bx2+cx+d,二次微分后得到: d2y/dx2=6ax+2b, 当d2y/dx2=0,对应的x=-b/3a处即为滴定终点。2     

2021年北京学业水平等级性考试化学卷命题理念的分析*

结合典型试题分析,从基础知识的融会贯通、学科能力的有效发展、学科思想的深入渗透等3个方面,探讨了2021年北京学业水平等级性考试化学卷的命题理念。说明了试题在营造良好教考互动生态、破除机械刷题、衔接高等教育和中学教育过程中发挥的积极作用。