添加不同比例玉米秸秆对猪粪高温堆肥过程中胡敏酸的结构组成及红外光谱特性影响分析

以猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料高温堆肥,试验设置三个不同处理：C/N 15,C/N 25,C/N 35。堆肥周期为120天,其中通风周期为30天,采用强制连续式通风。在第0,22,30,60,90,120天取样,利用元素分析和红外光谱法研究不同木质素添加量对堆肥胡敏酸(HA)的组分及分子结构的影响。研究表明堆肥胡敏酸C的变化主要集中在堆肥前30 d,堆肥结束后,堆肥HA中O/C增大,H/C减小,N含量增加。不同处理之间低碳氮比(15)和高碳氮比(35)堆肥HA氧化程度要高于中碳氮比(25)。红外光谱吸收峰分析表明,不同木质素添加量处理堆肥过程中胡敏酸的红外光谱基本相似,但各峰吸收强度不同。研究表明堆肥腐熟化阶段更有利于堆肥HA中芳香性的增强。堆肥结束后,碳氮比15堆肥HA中多糖、脂肪类成分减少,芳香结构成分增加,相比较碳氮比25和35,碳氮比15堆肥HA腐殖化程度更高,结构更稳定。     

神经网络在麦秆秆茎机械强度确定中的应用

为了避免重复性力学实验来确定麦秆茎秆机械强度, 将神经网络技术用于麦秆茎秆机械强度的计算, 建立神经网络多几何参数确定麦秆茎秆机械强度的预测模型. 详细介绍麦秆机械强度神经网络预测模型的操作过程, 并根据预测误差结果分析, 证实了该方法的有效性和可行性.     

玉米秸秆/羧甲基纤维素复配水凝胶水分释放行为

以粉碎的玉米秸秆(RCS)和羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为原料,制备了含水质量分数可达97.47%的玉米秸秆/羧甲基纤维素复配水凝胶(RCS/CMC)。考察了交联剂、CMC和RCS用量对RCS/CMC凝胶模量的影响,凝胶在缓冲溶液中的降解行为和土壤中的失重行为,以及凝胶对土壤持水量、玉米种子萌发的影响。结果表明,与对照实验比较,RCS/CMC凝胶可以提高土壤持水率1.00%~1.61%,在37 ℃缓冲溶液中用纤维素酶处理4 d后降解率约80%,土壤中25 d后失重约94%;用CMC/RCS凝胶处理玉米种子,虽然平均延长了种子萌发时间,但种子的萌发率较高。其中相对湿度18%、20%、23%、26%、28%和30%的萌发试验,由于水分胁迫对照实验种子不能萌发,而CMC/RCS凝胶处理的种子发芽率仍可达到97%。     

共聚焦显微拉曼光谱研究碱处理对稻秸发酵制沼气的影响

碱水解法以其方便高效成为稻秸发酵制沼气中广泛采用的化学预处理方法,但是碱水解对于稻秸细胞壁中高聚物成分及其空间致密交联结构的作用机理有待深入研究。采用共聚焦显微拉曼光谱和透射电镜研究了NaOH碱处理对稻秸厌氧发酵产沼气的影响。首先对未处理稻秸和碱处理稻秸进行微米级空间分辨率的拉曼光谱面扫描,然后对这两类样本进行主成分分析,发现累计贡献率达99%的前两个主成分空间中两类样本分别呈射线状分布,两类样本分界线清楚表明碱处理导致稻叶组织的拉曼光谱响应特性发生了明显变化;进一步分析前两个主成分的载荷图,发现拉曼峰1 739,1 508和1 094 cm-1是影响主成分的重要谱带,而这三个拉曼峰分别归属于半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼散射效应;结合半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的拉曼特征峰和显微图像信息实现了组织细胞中三种成分的化学成像分析,发现碱处理破坏了稻叶组织中上述三种成分的致密空间结构,并使它们的含量明显减少,尤其是木质素。由此得出结论：共聚焦显微拉曼光谱可实现稻叶组织细胞中半纤维素、木质素和纤维素的无损检测,结合显微空间信息可实现稻秸中三种成分的化学成像分析,该研究有助揭示碱处理促进秸秆厌氧发酵产沼气的作用机理。     

电感耦合等离子体质谱法检测农作物土壤中的镉、锡、锰、锑、钒、钛、锶金属污染物残留

建立全自动石墨消解- 电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法检测农作物土壤中的镉、锡、锰、锑、钒、钛、锶金属污染物残留的分析方法.随机采集农作物土壤,取约200 g,置于烘箱中烘干,烘干后的样品用粉碎机粉碎,精密称取粉碎后的样品约0.25 g,置于聚四氟乙烯材质的消解罐内,按既定消解程序进行自动消解处理,得样品溶液,上...     

Archaeal and Bacterial Content in a Two-Stage Anaerobic System for Efficient Energy Production from Agricultural Wastes

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a microbially-driven process enabling energy production. Microorganisms are the core of anaerobic digesters and play an important role in the succession of hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis processes. The diversity of participating microbial communities can provide new information on digester performance for biomass valorization and biofuel production. In this study anaerobic systems were used, operating under mesophilic conditions that realized biodegradation processes of waste wheat straw pretreated with NaOH—a renewable source for hydrogen and methane production. These processes could be managed and optimized for hydrogen and methane separately but combining them in a two-stage system can lead to higher yields and a positive energy balance. The aim of the study was to depict a process of biohydrogen production from lignocellulosic waste followed by a second one leading to the production of biomethane. Archaeal and bacterial consortia in a two-stage system operating with wheat straw were identified for the first time and the role of the most important representatives was elucidated. The mixed cultures were identified by the molecular-biological methods of metagenomics. The results showed that biohydrogen generation is most probably due to the presence of Proteiniphilum saccharofermentans, which was 28.2% to 45.4% of the microbial community in the first and the second bioreactor, respectively. Archaeal representatives belonging to Methanobacterium formicicum (0.71% of the community), Methanosarcina spelaei (0.03%), Methanothrix soehngenii (0.012%), and Methanobacterium beijingense (0.01%) were proven in the methane-generating reactor. The correlation between substrate degradation and biogas accumulation was calculated, together with the profile of fatty acids as intermediates produced during the processes. The hydrogen concentration in the biogas reached 14.43%, and the Methane concentration was 69%. Calculations of the energy yield during the two-stage process showed 1195.89 kWh·t⁻¹ compared to a 361.62 kWh·t⁻¹ cumulative yield of energy carrier for a one-stage process.     

STUDIES OF CROP LOSS CAUSED BY STRIPE RUST ON WINTER WHEAT (Ⅲ)——DISEASE EFFECT ON THE SINK-SOURCE RELATIONSHIP OF HOST

Two methods, leaf-detaching and interval weighing of dry matter of different organs, were used to study the effect of stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis tritici West.) on the sink-source relationship of winter wheat Yianda 1817. The results showed that on diseased plants the absolute contribution value of each leaf arrangement was reduced; the relative contribution value of each leaf arrangement was unchanged; the contribution weights among the leaf arrangements were constant; the compensation among the leaf arrangements decreased. The results also showed that the diseased host could regulate its sink-source relationship by feedback mechanism, such as reducing the size of sink, shortening the perilod of growth, and increasing the relative translocation rate. The more serious the disease scverity, the greater the relative translocation rate and the smaller the economical index.     

Production of xylitol byCandida mogii from rice straw hydrolysate

The influence of aeration level, initial pH, initial cell concentration, and fermentation time on the xylitol production from rice straw hemicellulose hydrolysate byCandida mogii was studied. A multifactorial experimental design was adopted to evaluate this influence. A statistical analysis of the results showed that the aeration level and the initial pH had significant effects on yield factor, volumetric productivity, and xylose consumption. For the latter, fermentation time was also a significant variable. Based on the response surface methodology, models for the range investigated were proposed. The maximum values for the yield factor (Y_p/s) and volumetric productivity (Q_p) were, respectively, 0.71 g/g and 0.46 g(Lh).     

Remediation of textile effluent using agricultural residues

The sorption of artificial dye effluent made from two different dyes, Solar orange 7 GLL and Solar Jade Green FFB from Clariant, onto three different agricultural residues—barley husk, sugarcane bagasse, and wheat straw—was studied. Twenty percent of 600-μm particle size of these agricultural residues was used as substrates and studied individually. The percentage of dye removal was observed in concentrations of dye varying from 50 to 200 mg/L. The effect of temperature ranging from 25 to 50°C and pH from 6.0 to 12.0 on the dye removal by the substrates was also studied. The effective adsorption of the substrates was calculated.     

Direct visualization of straw cell walls by AFM

The structural relationship of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in plant cell walls is still a mystery needing to be explored. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM) the surface of straw at different layers was directly observed, and the structural characteristics were analyzed by topographic analysis and FT-IR spectra. It was found that a compact layer of wax covered the outside of the straw, which protects the straw from insects and microorganisms. At the boundary of the primary and second wall there appears a network structure of cellulose and hemicellulose, with some lignin localised on the surface of the network. It is consistent with the model of a cell wall suggested by Vincent. Inside the second cell wall, there is a layer mainly composed of a cellulose crystalline region. High-resolution AFM observation reveals that the crystalline structure consists of both triclinic and monoclinic unit cells. An AFM phase image showing the structural relation between cellulose microfibrils, hemicellulose, and lignin in the straw cell wall.