催化裂化USY／ZnO／Al2O3脱硫添加剂的高温水热失活

 对USY／ZnO／Al2O3汽油催化裂化脱硫添加剂经高温水热老化处理前后的脱硫性能进行了考察，发现老化后添加剂的脱硫性能大幅度下降．采用XRD和IR等技术对USY／ZnO／Al2O3添加剂在高温和高温水热条件下失活的原因进行了研究．结果表明，在高温下，ZnO可与USY沸石中的铝发生固相反应生成ZnAl2O4尖晶石，从而造成USY晶体结构崩塌，转变成无定形状态．在ZnO含量较高的条件下，ZnO可继续与USY晶体结构崩塌后生成的无定形的硅和铝的氧化物反应，生成Zn2SiO4硅锌矿和ZnAl2O4尖晶石结构．这一方面使添加剂失去了可形成硫化物吸附中心的ZnO，另一方面破坏了硫化物的裂化活性组分USY，从而造成添加剂脱硫性能下降甚至失去脱硫活性．ZnO对USY的破坏作用主要与温度有关．在USY／ZnO／Al2O3体系中，ZnO被ZnO与Al2O3之间形成的锌铝尖晶石膜固定并与USY隔离，单纯的高温条件对添加剂的破坏不显著，而水蒸气可以促进ZnO的移动，有利于ZnO与USY的接触，因此在高温和有水蒸气存 在的条件下添加剂的结构易遭到破坏．     

Optimization of a portable microanalytical system to reduce electrode fouling from proteins associated with biomonitoring of lead (Pb) in saliva

There is a need to develop reliable portable analytical systems for on-site and real-time biomonitoring of lead (Pb) from both occupational and environmental exposures. Saliva is an appealing matrix since it is easily obtainable, and therefore a potential substitute for blood due to existing reasonably good correlation between Pb levels in blood and saliva. The microanalytical system is based on flow-injection/stripping voltammetry with a wall-jet (flow-onto) microelectrochemical cell. Samples that contain as little as 1% saliva can cause electrode fouling, resulting in significantly reduced responsiveness and irreproducible quantitations. In addition, incomplete Pb release from salivary protein can also yield a lower Pb response than expected. This paper evaluates the extent of in vitro Pb-protein binding and the optimal pretreatment for releasing Pb from the saliva samples. Even in 50% by volume of rat saliva, the electrode fouling was not observed, due to the appropriate sample pretreatment and the constant flow of the sample and acidic carrier that prevented passivation by the protein. The system offered a linear response over a low Pb range of 1-10 ppb, low detection limit of 1 ppb, excellent reproducibility, and reliability. It also yielded the same Pb concentrations in unknown samples as did the ICP-MS. These encouraging results suggest that the microanalytical system represents an important analytical advancement for real-time non-invasive biomonitoring of Pb.     

丹麦生物质发电的现状和研究发展趋势

丹麦是世界上利用秸秆生物质燃烧发电技术开发、运行最好的国家，其经验值得中国借鉴。根据作者在丹麦对生物质燃烧发电的研究经历，系统地介绍了丹麦在秸秆生物质发电的经验、遇到的问题及相应的研究和今后的发展方向。     

Effects of Amplitude of the Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation on Aqueous Suspensions and Solutions

The effects of radiofrequency (RF) (1–4) and magnetic fields (5–9) on the behavior of aqueous solutions and suspensions have been a popular subject in recent years. The mechanism of the magnetic “water memory” effect, though, is still largely unknown (5). In this work, we present evidence that the primary “receptor” of the electromagnetic radiation is a gas/liquid interface. Gas can be either already present in water or produced by the effects of electromagnetic fields. Perturbed gas/liquid interfaces require hours to equilibrate. Certain RF and magnetic signals also produce reactive oxygen and hydrogen species (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen, atomic hydrogen). The perturbed gas/liquid interface modifies the hydrogen bonding networks in water and also the hydration of ions and interfaces. Careful outgassing removes all of the effects of the electromagnetic fields, including the magnetic memory effect. The amplitude of the applied field influences the observed effects. Different amplitudes of RF radiation perturb the interfacial water in different ways and consequently affect the behavior of colloids and ions in specific manners. For instance, the bulk and template precipitation of calcium carbonate, zeta potentials of suspended colloids, rate of dissolution of colloidal silica, and attachment of colloidal silica to metal surfaces are modified in specific ways with the low amplitude or high amplitude RF treatments described in this paper. The solubility/diffusivity of gas species is also modified in a different manner, and it is probably at the core of the specificity of the RF amplitude effects.     

Evaluation of a purge-and-trap injection system for capillary gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry for the determination of volatile selenium compounds in water

A method is presented for the selective determination of the volatile selenium species dimethylselenide and dimethyldiselenide, using a commercially available purge-and-trap injection system coupled to capillary gas chromatography-microwave induced plasma-atomic emission spectrometry. The efficiency of the purging step was evaluated and the parameters affecting the purge and trap processes were optimized. The method was applied to the determination of volatile selenium compounds in lake water. Relative detection limits of 2ng/l for dimethylselenide and dimethyldiselenide, corresponding to an absolute detection limit of 10 pg, were achieved.     

Irreversible and reversible phase transitions of alkyl monolayers. Gas chromatographic evidence of polar solvent influence on the adsorbing properties of the layer

Summary Further to Gilpin's observations in liquid chromatography of the irreversible transformation of alkyl grafts, following the replacement of an organic mobile phase by an aqueous one, we describe some gas chromatographic experiments which lead to similar (log V_s, I/T) plots, as a consequence of the same solvent release process.We use paraffin films on siliceous supports or hydroxylated liquid substrates or C₂₂-alkyl bonded silica. These experiments demonstrate that this irreversible transition and the melting-like reversible transition are completely different phenomena. They confirm the existence of at least three kinds of monomeric alkyl films.     

Optimum gas chromatographic conditions in wall-coated capillary columns. Extended and simplified forms of the Golay-equation

Band broadening in capillary columns is satisfactorily described by the Golay-equation extended to situations of appreciable pressure drop by Giddings. In practice, however, several simplifications are often made. The effect of these simplifications on the calculated values of the minimum plate height and optimum carrier gas velocity are treated systematically.     

HS-6顶空进样器的性能考察及其应用

考察了连接在Sigmal气相色谱仪上的HS-6顶空分析器的性能,特别注意考察了样品的体积,平衡所需时间和分流比等对保留时间和峰高的影响,研究结果还表明增加样品的加热温度和稀释样品的浓度会改善测定的灵敏度,文章还给出了一系列不同类型样品的应用结果,包括香烟、茶叶、啤酒、中药等。     

各种氨基酸衍生物在Chirasil—Val固定相上的气相色谱分离

本文叙述氨基酸及其对映体的全氟酰基烷基脂(O-异丙基、-异丁基、-正丁基;N(O,S)-三氟乙酰基,TFA、-七氟丁酰基,HFB)在Chirasil-Val上的洗脱特性。随烷基取代增大,保留时间增加;用HFB代替TFA,对映体的分离因子降低。此外,DL-氨基酸与另丁醇衍生,生成的对映及非对映衍生物在Chirasil-Val上可拆分成四个色谱峰。     

气相色谱法测定饮料中乙醇含量

采用样品用注射器吸附后直接经C18柱后进样，用气相色谱法测定，该方法适合多样饮料中的乙醇测定，平均回收率为98．6％，检出限为7．7mg/L。