A New Entropy Function to Analyze Isentropic Processes of Ideal Gases with Variable Specific Heats

A new entropy function s⁺ is defined in terms of the existing entropy function s° and temperature as s⁺ = s° − R lnT to facilitate the analysis of isentropic processes of ideal gases with variable specific heats. The function s⁺ also makes it possible to calculate the entropy changes of ideal gases during processes when volume information is available instead of pressure information and the variation of specific heats with temperature is to be accounted for. The introduction of the function s⁺ eliminates the need to use the dimensionless isentropic functions relative pressure P_r and relative specific volume v_r of ideal gases and to tabulate their values. The P_r and v_r data are often confused with pressure and specific volume, with an adverse effect on the study of the second law of thermodynamics. The new s⁺ function nicely complements the existing s° function in entropy change calculations: the former is conveniently used when volume information is given while the latter is used when pressure information is available. Therefore, the introduction of the new entropy function s⁺ is expected to make a significant contribution to the thermodynamics education and research by streamlining entropy analysis of ideal gases.     

From Chaos to Ordering: New Studies in the Shannon Entropy of 2D Patterns

Properties of the Voronoi tessellations arising from random 2D distribution points are reported. We applied an iterative procedure to the Voronoi diagrams generated by a set of points randomly placed on the plane. The procedure implied dividing the edges of Voronoi cells into equal or random parts. The dividing points were then used to construct the following Voronoi diagram. Repeating this procedure led to a surprising effect of the positional ordering of Voronoi cells, reminiscent of the formation of lamellae and spherulites in linear semi-crystalline polymers and metallic glasses. Thus, we can conclude that by applying even a simple set of rules to a random set of seeds, we can introduce order into an initially disordered system. At the same time, the Shannon (Voronoi) entropy showed a tendency to attain values that are typical for completely random patterns; thus, the Shannon (Voronoi) entropy does not distinguish the short-range ordering. The Shannon entropy and the continuous measure of symmetry of the patterns demonstrated the distinct asymptotic behavior, while approaching the close saturation values with the increase in the number of iteration steps. The Shannon entropy grew with the number of iterations, whereas the continuous measure of symmetry of the same patterns demonstrated the opposite asymptotic behavior. The Shannon (Voronoi) entropy is not an unambiguous measure of order in the 2D patterns. The more symmetrical patterns may demonstrate the higher values of the Shannon entropy.     

Removal of Carbamazepine in Aqueous Solution by CoS2/Fe2+/PMS Process

Carbamazepine (CBZ), as a typical pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP), cannot be efficiently removed by the conventional drinking water and wastewater treatment process. In this work, the CoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS process was applied for efficient elimination of CBZ. The CBZ removal efficiency of CoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS was 2.5 times and 23 times higher than that of CoS₂/PMS and Fe²⁺/PMS, respectively. The intensity of DMPO-HO• and DMPO-SO4•− followed the order of Fe²⁺/PMS < CoS₂/PMS < CoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS, also suggesting the CoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS process has the highest oxidation activity. The effects of reaction conditions (e.g., CoS₂ dosage, Fe²⁺ concentration, PMS concentration, initial CBZ concentration, pH, temperature) and water quality parameters (e.g., SO42−, NO3−, H2PO4−, Cl−, NH4+, humic acid) on the degradation of CBZ were also studied. Response surface methodology analysis was carried out to obtain the best conditions for the removal of CBZ, which are: Fe²⁺ = 70 µmol/L, PMS = 240 µmol/L, CoS₂ = 0.59 g/L. The sustainability test demonstrated that the repeated use of CoS₂ for 8 successive cycles resulted in little function decrease (<10%). These findings suggest that CoS₂/Fe²⁺/PMS may be a promising method for advanced treatment of tailwater from sewage treatment plant.     

继电器动态过程中动态参数的测试方法

本文介绍了一种测试继电器在动态过程中动态参数测试的方法。采用此方法能直接测量和观察继电器动态过程中的线圈电压、电流 ,同时可测出继电器的动作时间 ,还可了解其接点在接触过程是否有振动现象存在。所以 ,此方法是一种多用途的继电器动态参数测量方法     

Stationary states of crystal growth in three dimensions

A new Markov process describing crystal growth in three dimensions is introduced. States of the process are configurations of the crystal surface, which has a terrace-edge-kink structure. The states are continuous along edges but discrete across edges, in accordance with the very different rates for the two types of captures of particles. Stationary distributions, describing steady crystal growth, are found in general. To our knowledge, these are the first examples of stationary distributions for layered crystal growth in three dimensions. The steady growth rate and other quantities are obtained explicitly for two interacting edges. For many interacting edges, growth behavior is determined (a) in various asymptotic regimes including thermodynamic limits, (b) via simulations, and (c) using series (cluster) expansions in the slope of the surface, the first three coefficients being computed. The theoretical growth rates show a marked dependence on surface dimensions. This may contribute to the size dependence and dispersion in the observed growth rate of small crystals.     

辐射在CH泡沫中传输的数值模拟

利用一维多群辐射输运程序对辐射在CH泡沫中的传输过程进行了数值模拟,给出一些细致的物理图像和定量结果。在一定的入射辐射流条件下,密度变化对辐射传输特征、辐射加热介质的热力学平衡弛豫过程有重要影响。随着密度下降,辐射由亚声速传输转变为超声速传输,辐射在传输过程中的能谱形状也不同。     

Exclusion process and droplet shape

We use a mathematical isomorphism between the one-dimensional exclusion process and the two-dimensional stochastic Ising model in the low-temperature limit to describe the typical instantaneous shape of a supercritical droplet. We derive, specifically, the exact asymptotic distribution of the boundaries of a (+1) spin region, confined to Z ₊ ² and subjected to a positive magnetic field. In an appropriate scaling, the boundary distribution converges to a deterministic continuum limit.On leave at the EPFL, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.     

基于随机效应Wiener退化模型的剩余寿命预测

针对退化率较高的产品具有不稳定的退化路径以及产品个体差异对退化过程的影响,建立了一种新的随机效应退化模型,即漂移参数和扩散参数均为随机变量且两者之间呈线性关系的Wiener退化过程模型.基于该模型获得了产品剩余寿命分布与可靠度函数,同时设计了估计模型参数的EM（expectation maximization）算法.最后,通过分析钛合金疲劳裂纹数据以及与现有模型结果的比较,验证了所建模型的有效性和准确性.     

MDP－PROLOG~（＋＋）语言的实现

给出了ＭＤＰ－ＰＲＯＬＯＧ＋＋语言的预编译技术，详细论述了预编译程序ＰＰＰ的总体设计、数据结构、扫描处理以及进程文本创建．该语言已在多层分布并行处理系统Ｗｕｄｐ－９１上实现     

多层绝热材料规模化干燥处理时温度场的测试与分析

对大批量处理多层绝热材料的大型专用干燥箱满负荷运行时工作区域的温度场进行测试,通过温度分布和温度场均匀性的分析,得出了最高温度发生点的位置与成因以及影响温度场均匀性的主要因素,并对温度的控制方法、多层材料的布置方案和干燥设备的改进提出了建议。