Indusrtial and Commercial Applications of Used Defense Technical Textiles Polymer Product Recycling

Summary: The global market for technical textiles is rising as never before. Although US and EU continue to be major manufacturers and consumers of technical textiles, the Asian countries like China and India have recently emerged as chief production centers of technical textiles. In the year 2000, the world market for technical textiles was estimated to have value of US $ 93 billion, which has already crossed US$126 billion in 2010. Also in last five years, the textiles disposed of in landfill sites have raised from 7% to 30% in US alone. Soon the technical textile will have similar story all over the world because this being very strong, durable and versatile material and hence, will not degrade or destroy easily in the nature. With increase of its demand and consumption, the problem for its disposal will also increase many fold. The technical textiles are grouped in 12 main categories. Out of it, Protech (personal and property protection) textile, broadly refers to “Defense Textile” has been given special reference in this paper. Experiments have shown that the major properties of these textiles do no deteriorate much even after its main use for years. Finally ways and means for innovative, added-value applications for recycled defense textiles and making desirable products out of recycled post-consumer materials are explained in this paper.     

Screening Brazilian commercial gasoline quality by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic fingerprintings and pattern-recognition multivariate chemometric analysis

The identification of gasoline adulteration by organic solvents is not an easy task, because compounds that constitute the solvents are already in gasoline composition. In this work, the combination of Hydrogen Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopic fingerprintings with pattern-recognition multivariate Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) chemometric analysis provides an original and alternative approach to screening Brazilian commercial gasoline quality in a Monitoring Program for Quality Control of Automotive Fuels. SIMCA was performed on spectroscopic fingerprints to classify the quality of representative commercial gasoline samples selected by Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and collected over a 6-month period from different gas stations in the São Paulo state, Brazil. Following optimized the ¹H NMR-SIMCA algorithm, it was possible to correctly classify 92.0% of commercial gasoline samples, which is considered acceptable. The chemometric method is recommended for routine applications in Quality-Control Monitoring Programs, since its measurements are fast and can be easily automated. Also, police laboratories could employ this method for rapid screening analysis to discourage adulteration practices.     

基于空间统计分析的中国省域房地产价格差异研究

运用空间统计分析方法对我国其中31个省市1999-2006年商品房平均价格分布差异进行研究.商品房价格的空间自相关分析结果表明,中国省域商品房价格具有显著的空间自相关,而且这种趋势在逐年增强.Moran散点图和LISA分析结果显示,省域商品房价格存在明显的二元结构,高值集中在经济比较发达的东部沿海地区,低值聚集在经济相对比较落后、房地产开发起步较晚的西部地区,而且这种集聚特征1999年以来一直存在.     

Improved synthesis and crystal structure of tetrakis(acetonitrile)(η-1,5-cyclooctadiene)ruthenium(II) bis[tetrafluoroborate(1−)]

An improved, one-step synthesis of [Ru^II(1,5-COD)(CH₃CN)₄]²⁺ as the BF₄⁻ salt has been accomplished in 51% yield, an approximately 75% higher yield than the three-step literature synthesis of the corresponding PF₆⁻ salt. The improved synthesis consists of (i) grinding the insoluble [RuCl₂(1,5-COD)]_x precursor to increase the reaction rate and yield, (ii) treating the resultant [RuCl₂(1,5-COD)]_x with 2Ag⁺BF₄⁻ in refluxing acetonitrile with excess 1,5-COD present to inhibit 1,5-COD loss in the product and, most importantly, (iii) following the reaction directly by ¹H-NMR spectrometry which revealed that the substitution reaction of the Ru(II), d⁶ precursor is, as expected, quite slow and requires ca. 120 h. The [Ru(1,5-COD)(CH₃CN)₄][BF₄]₂ product was characterized by ¹H, ¹³C, and ¹⁹F-NMR, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Problems in commercial Ru and F analyses are also addressed since this issue has been inadequately treated in the existing literature.     

Development of a CO2 Tolerant Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst：from Laboratory to Commercial-Scale Demonstration in Alaska

This article describes the development of BP‘s Fischer-Tropsch catalyst,used for the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons.It covers the 18 year period from the early eighties,when laboratory scale preparations and micro-reactors were heavily used,right through to the present day with the commercial scale manufacture and proving of the finished catalyst in BP‘s new ＄86 million gas to liquids demonstration facility in Nikiski,Alaska。Extensive performance testing and scale-up experiments have been successfully carried out,all proof that a laboratory preparation can indeed be translated into a commercial manufacturing process. In addition,the resulting catalyst does not only meet the process design targets,but also exhibits enhanced stability and is tolerant to carbon dioxide.Above all,a commercial scale,fixed bde Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is now available and ready for licensing.Manufacturing procedures and quality control have all been successfully detailed and transferred to the commercial manufacturer.     

市场型商贸城市发展特点、趋势及规划的启示

运用城市规划中相关过程、特点的类比分析方法,对浙江省义乌、柯桥、路桥等市场型商贸城市进行实证研究.总结其发展过程的特点、规律和趋势,阐明了专业型市场发展与城市主要功能区的相互关系,并对同类城市在市场与产业整合、资源共享、城市中心区规划以及规划技术性规范的调整等方面提出建议,为同类城市的规划与发展提供一种经验性的认识与启示.     

Kinetic behaviour of commercial catalysts for methane reforming in ethanol steam reforming process

Ethanol steam reforming has been studied in a fluidized bed （in order to ensure bed isothermicity） on commercial catalysts for methane reforming. The results allow analyzing the effect of temperature （in 300-700℃ range）, and both metal and support nature on the reaction indices （ethanol conversion, yields and selectivities to H2 and byproducts （CO2, CO, CH4 and C2H4O））. Special attention has been paid to catalysts＇ stability by comparing the evolution of the reaction indices with time on stream at 500°C （minimum CO formation） and 700℃ （minimum deactivation by coke deposition）. Although they provide a slightly lower H2 yield, the results evidence a good behaviour of Ni based catalysts, indicating that they are an interesting alternative of more expensive Rh based ones.     

低回收价值高环境影响EOL产品闭环供应链模型构建

以EOL产品循环利用为研究对象,定量分析低回收价值高环境影响EOL产品回收决策问题。通过构建EOL产品双闭环供应链和多闭环供应链模型,求解了各模型的EOL产品回收策略,并与传统单闭环供应链进行对比分析,证明了该闭环供应链优于传统单闭环供应链。研究发现,在政府监督和补贴强度不变、市场外部变量相同的条件下,多闭环供应链的EOL产品回收量更大,循环利用更充分,且随着多闭环供应链外循环次数的增加,EOL产品回收量、回收商利润均增加,内循环制造商利润也相应增加,销售商利润不受影响。最后,对构建的多闭环供应链进行了算例分析,验证了上述研究结论。为政府运用监督和补贴手段更好地配置市场资源提供决策参考。     

Characterization and Studies on Grafting of Methyl Methacrylate onto PAN Fibers

The graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) onto commercial acrylic fibers (PAN) has been studied using Azobis(isobutyro)nitrile (AIBN) as an initiator. MMA grafting initiated by radicals formed from thermal decomposition of AIBN. In this study, the effects of monomer and initiator concentration, time and temperature reaction on the grafting yield have been investigated.

The optimum conditions for this grafting reaction were obtained with an MMA concentration of 0.7 M, an AIBN concentration of 0.0073 M, a reaction temperature of T=85°C and with a 60 min reaction time.

The fiber structure has been investigated by different experimental techniques of characterization such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), calorimetric analysis (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), water absorption and the physical and mechanical properties has also been investigated in this study. The thermal analysis data showed that by increasing grafting yield, little changes have occurred in fibers samples up to 13.5% of grafting yield and the thermal transitions of grafted fibers have approximately the same behavior compared with the raw fibers sample. Grafting also slightly affected the fiber morphology. The experimental data of mechanical properties clearly show that by increasing grafting yield, max extension will decrease but this change up to 13.5% grafting yield is barely noticeable. Grafting of poly MMA improved water absorption.     

Investment evaluation based on the commercial scope the production of natural gas

The annual production planning of a natural gas trading and transporting company is modelled as a linear system of (in)equalities. The model is used to quantify the increase of robustness with respect to commercial uncertainty, resulting from investments in production capacities. A novel concept is thecommercial scope, describing the set of future commercial scenarios that can be handled effectively. It is shown how relevant parts of the boundary of this set can be constructed using induced constraints. A numerical example is presented.