Study on the flow resistance of the dispersion system of deformable preformed particle gel in porous media using LBM-DEM-IMB method

After being injected into the porous media, the dispersion system of preformed particle gel (PPG) tends to enter high permeability regions and block water channeling passages, which forces the subsequent water to turn to the low permeability regions and thus increases sweep efficiency and enhances oil recovery. However, it is still unclear about the influence factors and the mechanisms how PPG increases water flow resistance, which limits the application of PPG in more oilfields. Therefore, the paper combines the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM), the discrete element method (DEM) and the improved immersed moving boundary (IMB) method to simulate the migration of deformable PPG in porous media. On the basis, the paper quantitatively analyzes the variation law of displacement pressure across the porous media and discusses the influence factors such as the PPG diameter, elasticity modulus and the number concentration. Results indicate that, because of the friction and retention of PPG in pore-throat, the displacement pressure across the porous media during PPG flooding is much higher than that during water flooding. In other words, the existence of PPG increases the flow resistance of injected water. Besides, the displacement pressure is always fluctuant resulting from the continuous process of PPG migration, retention, deformation and remigration. Influence factor analysis shows that the incremental value and fluctuation degree of flow resistance increase with the PPG diameter, elasticity modulus and the number concentration. The study not only provides useful reference for future PPG flooding, but also benefits the development of deformable particle flow theory.     

Transmission and small angle scattering of 15 MeV electrons in silicon single crystals

Abstract

A novel technique for the study of structural damage incurred by single crystal silicon targets during ion implantation is described. The method is based upon copper-decoration of the vacancy rich damaged region, followed by radiochemical measurement of the resulting copper distribution. Utilizing neutron activation, sharply peaked radiocopper profiles are obtained, which are believed to represent the depth distributions of large, relatively immobile defects such as vacancy clusters, voids, or crystalline faults. A more efficient decoration of isolated vacancy-type defects is realized when Wu is employed as a radioisotopic tracer in the decoration step, however, the rapid diffusivity of these smaller species leads to less sharply defined radiocopper profiles. Both the neutron activation and radiotracer modifications of the technique yield damage profiles which are significantly shallower than the corresponding implanted impurity profiles.     

Reflection of keV heavy-ion beams from solid targets. Dependence on energy and angle of incidence

Recent experimental and theoretical studies of the reflection of keV heavy-ion beams have been extended to higher energies and to non-perpendicular incidence. The reflection coefficient for Na⁺ and K⁺ ions backscattered from polycrystalline gold and silver targets has been obtained for perpendicular incidence at energies of 100–500 keV. The dependence on angle of incidence has been investigated at 30 keV for the same combinations of targets and projectiles. Effects of electronic stopping have been included in the theoretical calculations. Good agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical calculations is found.     

TSC defect level in silicon produced by irradiation with muons of GeV-energy

Deep level transient spectroscopy has been used to observe the reduced concentrations of vacancy-related defects in γ-irradiated n-type Si containing hydrogen atoms. Data are presented on the efficiency and depth of this damage reduction as a function of the duration and temperature of the exposure to the plasma used to introduce the atomic hydrogen. A 3-hour exposure in an H plasma at 300°C prior to irradiation reduced the concentrations of the O-V, V-V and P-V centres by half or more to a depth of ～20 μm, compared to the control samples.     

Modelling effects of subgrid-scale mixture fraction variance in LES of a piloted diffusion flame

A posteriori analysis of the statistics of two large-eddy simulation (LES) solutions describing a piloted methane–air (Sandia D) flame is performed on a series of grids with progressively increased resolution reaching about 10.5 million cells. Chemical compositions, density and temperature fields are modelled with a steady flamelet approach and parametrised by the mixture fraction. The difference between the LES solutions arises from a different numerical treatment of the subgrid scale (SGS) mixture fraction variance – an important quantity of interest in non-premixed combustion modelling. In the first case (model I), the variance transport equation is solved directly, while in the second (model II), an equation for the square of the mixture fraction is solved, and the variance is computed from its definition. The comparison of the LES solutions is based on the convergence properties of their statistics with respect to the turbulence resolution length scale. The dependence of the LES statistics is analysed for velocity and the mixture fraction fields, and tested for convergence. For the most part, the statistics converge for the finest grids, but the variance of the mixture fraction shows some residual grid dependence in the high-gradient regions of the jet near field. The SGS variance given by model I exhibits realisability everywhere, whereas in regions of the flame model II is non-realisable, predicting negative variances. Furthermore, the LES statistics of model I exhibit superior convergence behaviour.     

Size-dependent ignition temperature of metallic compounds fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

Considering the diffusion reaction at solid interfaces, the ignition temperature of compounds fabricated by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) is modelled with the help of size-dependent activation energy. As reactant size decreases, ignition temperature also decreases. This is because of increased contact areas between the reactants and the lowered diffusion barrier, both of which must be calculated specifically for reactants in nanoscale. The model predictions and experimental results are consistent for some metallic compounds.     

Numerical study on combustion of H2—O2 in a supersonic reactive expansion in a nozzle

A study on expansion flow inside a nozzle considering full mechanism chemistry of hydrogen and oxygen was carried out. In this study, a full implicit scheme for turbulent reactive flow was obtained by combining the second order TVD scheme of Yee and Harten (1987, Implicit TVD schemes for hyperbolic conservation laws in curvilinear coordinates. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 25(2), 266–274) with the efficient implicit lower-upper scheme of Shuen and Yoon (1989, Numerical study of chemically reacting flows using a lower-upper symmetric successive overrelaxation scheme. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Journal, 27(12), 1752–1756). The species equations, Navier–Stokes equations and turbulence model were implemented in the numerical scheme and solved in conjunction with full detailed finite rate chemistry. The numerical scheme is verified by comparison with experimental results of a converging–diverging nozzle. Effects of inlet pressure, temperature and fuel-oxidant mass ratio on nozzle flow field were studied. Variation of chemical species under different conditions was investigated by considering a chemical mechanism. Results show that increasing inlet pressure increases the rate of reactions due to increasing the concentration of reactants. For lower inlet pressure the radical H increases slightly in the diverging part of the nozzle, while for higher pressures it decreases along the nozzle. Inlet fuel–oxidant mass ratio affects the variation of all species with a greater effect for a near stoichiometric ratio. It was also shown that a higher inlet temperature provides a more enhanced reaction zone in the diverging part of the nozzle.     

Wavespeed analysis: Approximating Arrhenius kinetics with step-function kinetics

The accuracy of using step-function approximations to the Arrhenius exponential in computing the wavespeed in combustion wave propagation is investigated. Gaseous and gasless combustion, and first- and second-order reactions are included in the study. The theoretical analysis is based on Melnikov theory from dynamical systems. The error is shown to be small in most instances. The analytical results are supported with numerical simulations.     

A phenomenological model for hydrocarbon high-temperature autoignition

A four-step phenomenological chemical–kinetic model is presented that is believed to apply to many aspects of combustion of most hydrocarbons at temperatures above about 1000 K. The mechanism involves chain initiation through reactive collision of fuel and oxidizer molecules, fuel consumption in a step that removes radicals, oxidizer consumption in a step that produces radicals and a chain termination step. An expression for the autoignition time is derived on the basis of this model and is applied to describe the ignition of propane–air mixtures and a few other hydrocarbons. It is shown that excellent agreement with ignition times obtained from detailed chemistry can be achieved by this model.     

煤层底板原位综合测试及突水危险性评估

在实施井下钻孔水压致裂地应力测量的同时,评价岩层阻水性能,确定导升带高度,做到一孔多用。测试区实际观测表明,泥岩、粉砂岩、中砂岩、灰岩阻水性能由大到小,导升高度则由小变大,平均导升高度约32m; 地应力测量表明,该测试区原始地应力状态为SH＞Sv＞Sh,最大水平主应力方向NE至NEE。突水临界指数评价表明,-550m水平采煤工作面掘进时突水的可能性较大,应当采取防范措施。