Turbidity of pulpy fruit juice: A key factor for predicting cross-flow microfiltration performance

To determine the technical and economic feasibility of cross-flow microfiltration on an industrial scale, the expected decline of permeation flux must be predicted taking into account the variability of juice's fouling potential. However, the main difficulty is finding representative parameters. Two semi-empirical models – gel polarisation and mechanistic – were used to fit experimental permeation flows using initial juice turbidity as surrogate for the volumetric concentration of particles in the feed juice. The experimental data of different banana, pineapple, and blackberry juices fitted well in both models. Although the mechanistic model more accurately estimated the permeation flux density, for practical application, the simpler polarisation model was preferred. Because this method uses a factor (i.e. turbidity) that reflects juice's fouling potential, it allows the optimisation of processing parameters and the prediction of permeation flux range in real industrial conditions.     

The physics of categorization

In the context of cognition, categorization is the process through which several elements (i.e., words) are grouped into a single set which by naming becomes an abstraction of its elements. For example, tiger, kitty, and max can be categorized as Cats. In this article, we aim to show how the physical, biological and cognitive dimensions are related in the process of categorization or abstraction through the physics of computation. Drawing on Landauer's principle, we show that the price paid in terms of entropy is higher when grouping elements of low ranking (high probability) than when grouping elements of high ranking (low probability). Therefore, the logic of the cognitive process of abstraction is explained through constraints imposed by memory on the computation of categories. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 21: 269–274, 2016     

多单位在线拍卖在动态频谱分配中的应用

为满足次级用户随时接入频谱的需求,避免次级用户谎报边际估值、到达时间和离开时间的行为,将认知无线电网络中一个频谱经纪人和多个次级用户之间的动态频谱分配问题建模为一个多单位在线拍卖,并提出了一种在线频谱拍卖机制.结果表明,机制不仅能在完全未知将来投标序列的情况下,立即对当前投标做出是否分配频谱的决策,而且满足激励相容性和个体理性,同时,在无干扰的用户之间支持频谱的空间复用性,实现了公平有效的频谱分配.最后,通过实例验证了该机制的实用性和可行性.     

彰显核心概念的认识功能,促进知识向能力和素养转化——鲁科版高中化学必修新教材第一册第二章的编写思路和使用建议

明确了“物质分类”“氧化还原反应”“电离与离子反应”等概念对物质性质的认识功能,阐述了鲁科版教材通过构建认识模型,基于认识发展布局学习素材,依据学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新构建进阶的评价体系等方式促进核心知识向能力、素养转化的编写思路,并提出了使用建议。     

Decreased Resting-State Functional Complexity in Elderly with Subjective Cognitive Decline

Individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD) are at high risk of developing preclinical or clinical state of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging, which can indirectly reflect neuron activities by measuring the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals, is promising in the early detection of SCD. This study aimed to explore whether the nonlinear complexity of BOLD signals can describe the subtle differences between SCD and normal aging, and uncover the underlying neuropsychological implications of these differences. In particular, we introduce amplitude-aware permutation entropy (AAPE) as the novel measure of brain entropy to characterize the complexity in BOLD signals in each brain region of the Brainnetome atlas. Our results demonstrate that AAPE can reflect the subtle differences between both groups, and the SCD group presented significantly decreased complexities in subregions of the superior temporal gyrus, the inferior parietal lobule, the postcentral gyrus, and the insular gyrus. Moreover, the results further reveal that lower complexity in SCD may correspond to poorer cognitive performance or even subtle cognitive impairment. Our findings demonstrated the effectiveness and sensitiveness of the novel brain entropy measured by AAPE, which may serve as the potential neuroimaging marker for exploring the subtle changes in SCD.     

复分解反应原理认知困境的成因与对策探析

对学生关于复分解反应原理的认知情况进行分析,得出首因效应是造成复分解反应原理认知困境的重要原因。在此基础上,进一步分析正确对待化学学习中的首因效应的影响,促进复分解反应原理正确认知的对策,包括分析新旧知识,促进正向迁移;引发认知冲突,促进观念更新;开放探究情境,加深本质认识。     

医学留学生基础化学的情境化教学探索

为保证医学院校留学生的教学质量,提高教学水平,在基础化学教学过程中,打破传统教学方法,选用抛锚式教学、认知学徒制和课堂学习共同体3种适合于留学生教学的情境化教学模式,将化学学科的内容情境化,让学生不去死记硬背学科知识,以达到的最佳教学效果。     

哒螨灵在苹果和土壤上残留以及降解行为研究

本研究建立了基于高效液相色谱为基础的哒螨灵分析方法,并对哒螨灵在安徽淮北和陕西咸阳两地苹果上的消解和残留行为进行了研究,同时还考察了哒螨灵在两地土壤中的降解和残留行为．哒螨灵在苹果中的消解动态方程：陕西咸阳为C=0．4007e^-0.1535t,半衰期T1/2=4．5天;安徽淮北=0．1096e^-0.1464t,半衰期T1/2=4．7天;在土壤中的消解动态方程：陕西咸阳为C=0．7978e^0.1218t,半衰期T1/2=5．7天;安徽淮北C=1．4024e^-0.0912t,半衰期T1/2=7．6天．在推荐使用高剂量和推荐高剂量1．5倍情况下,施药1-2次,末次药后7天,哒螨灵在苹果中的残留为0．02～0．14mg／kg;药后14天为0．01—0．12mg／kg．试验结果表明,药后7天,苹果中哒螨灵的残留量低于2mg／kg,用药次数1-2次,每次间隔7天的情况下,在苹果上的安全间隔期可定为7天．     

表面解吸常压化学电离质谱原位检测萝卜中芥子碱及其含量衰减

采用表面解吸常压化学电离串联质谱（SDAPCI-MSn）技术,直接检测了白萝卜中的芥子碱,并考察了不同环境下芥子碱的衰减规律。 结果表明,常温下（25 ℃）白萝卜中的芥子碱浓度随时间迅速下降,在短时间衰减到一定程度后趋于平稳。 在低温下（≤4 ℃）,白萝卜中的芥子碱衰减速度则非常缓慢,有利于保持白萝卜中芥子碱水平。 萝卜鲜汁中的芥子碱在接触空气后的衰减速度是日常存储条件下的300多倍。 虽然在不同的条件下,芥子碱衰减的速度不同,但均符合一级反应的衰减规律。     

认知学徒制在药学专业物理化学教学中的运用

在药学专业的物理化学教学中利用认知学徒制理论作指导,通过示范、指导、提供"脚手架"、清晰表达、反思和探究等6个过程的学习,不仅有利于激发学生的学习兴趣,而且也有利于提高他们理论与实践相联系的综合能力。