高中生氧化还原反应认知结构的调查

选取氧化还原反应为研究内容,用流程图法（Flow Chart）对30名高中生认知结构进行测查。可视化图形与认知结构变量定量分析均表明：学生个体关于氧化还原反应的认知结构存在较大的差异;学生的学习成绩、认知结构变量和信息处理策略两两密切相关,成绩好的学生的认知结构变量得分较高,在构建和组织知识的过程中倾向于采用高水平的信息处理模型;分析还发现大部分高三学生在氧化还原反应知识的学习中,已经很好地建立了反应中得失电子、化合价升降等概念,但对于具体的氧化还原反应的情境认知水平较低。     

Challenges of maintaining cognitive demand during the limit lessons: understanding one mathematician’s class practices

In this study, we examined five limit lessons using Mathematical Tasks Framework to understand students’ opportunities to learn cognitively challenging tasks and maintain cognitive demand during limit lessons. Our analysis of Dr A’s five lessons shows that students rarely had opportunities to maintain or increase cognitive demand. There are two main factors that shaped her instructional practices, students and time. These two factors greatly influenced how she selects and implements limit tasks in her classes. To serve her students’ needs of knowing more rules, formulas and procedures, she selected and discussed those simple tasks a lot. Although Dr A thinks challenging tasks and asking demanding questions can be potentially good instructional practices, she thinks these instructional practices would not serve her students well. With these factors, we made possible recommendations to have more student-centred teaching.     

Metabolism of amyloid β peptide and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease

The conversion of what has been interpreted as “normal brain aging” to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) via transition states, i.e., preclinical AD and mild cognitive impairment, appears to be a continuous process caused primarily by aging-dependent accumulation of amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the brain. This notion however gives us a hope that, by manipulating the Aβ levels in the brain, we may be able not only to prevent and cure the disease but also to partially control some very significant aspects of brain aging. Aβ is constantly produced from its precursor and immediately catabolized under normal conditions, whereas dysmetabolism of Aβ seems to lead to pathological deposition upon aging. We have focused our attention on elucidation of the unresolved mechanism of Aβ catabolism in the brain. In this review, I describe a new approach to prevent AD development by reducing Aβ burdens in aging brains through up-regulation of the catabolic mechanism involving neprilysin that can degrade both monomeric and oligomeric forms of Aβ. The strategy of combining presymptomatic diagnosis with preventive medicine seems to be the most pragmatic in both medical and socioeconomical terms.     

Integration of structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging improves mild cognitive impairment detection

The identification of mild cognitive impairments (MCI) via either structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI) or functional MRI (fMRI) has great potential due to the non-invasiveness of the techniques. Furthermore, these techniques allow longitudinal follow-ups of single subjects via repeated measurements. sMRI- or fMRI-based biomarkers have been adopted separately to diagnose MCI; however, there has not been a systematic effort to integrate sMRI- and fMRI-based features to increase MCI detection accuracy. This study investigated whether the detection of MCI can be improved via the integration of biomarkers identified from both sMRI and fMRI modalities. Regional volume sizes and neuronal activity levels of brains from MCI subjects were compared with those from healthy controls and used to identify biomarkers from sMRI and fMRI data, respectively. In the subsequent classification phase, MCI was automatically detected using a support vector machine algorithm that employed the identified sMRI- and fMRI-based biomarkers as an input feature vector. The results indicate that the fMRI-based biomarkers provided more information for detecting MCI than the sMRI-based biomarkers. Moreover, the integrated feature sets using the sMRI- and fMRI-based biomarkers consistently showed greater detection accuracy than the feature sets based only on the fMRI-based biomarkers. The results demonstrate that integration of sMRI and fMRI modalities can provide supplemental information to improve the diagnosis of MCI relative to either the sMRI or fMRI modalities alone.     

坦克智能体的感知行为建模

首先,从战场信息感知的功能入手,提出了信息条件下坦克智能体的感知行为模型框架;然后,分析了感知行为产生的要素,建立了坦克智能体观察模型;最后,通过战场态势进一步说明建立模型的必要性。     

The role of computer simulations in learning analytic mechanics towards chaos theory: a course experimentation

We present the results of an experimental project, made at the University of Calabria, which uses computer simulations and scientific computational systems in teaching and learning the fundamentals of analytic mechanics, in particular the classical Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formulation of the matter. Starting with examples of classical dynamical systems we also introduced students to appreciate chaos concepts going step by step to more complex settings. The success obtained with the use of computer-based methodologies has been very clear and the final students' tests confirm it. In this paper, in particular, we compare the results obtained by four groups of students: the first two attended such an experimental course and employed computer support for their individual work at home, while the learning environment of the second two groups (the control ones) was based only on traditional classroom lectures with paper and pencil home activities. If on the one hand a better overall performance of the first two groups was evident, it is very interesting (and not so easy) to investigate how much in quantity and quality, the learning of the experimental groups differs from that of the other groups, and why. For example, we illustrate some relevant differences between them in the comprehension of the studied phenomena, in dealing with and solving the proposed problems, and also in the individual development of further personal ideas.     

The Role of Entropy in Construct Specification Equations (CSE) to Improve the Validity of Memory Tests

Commonly used rating scales and tests have been found lacking reliability and validity, for example in neurodegenerative diseases studies, owing to not making recourse to the inherent ordinality of human responses, nor acknowledging the separability of person ability and item difficulty parameters according to the well-known Rasch model. Here, we adopt an information theory approach, particularly extending deployment of the classic Brillouin entropy expression when explaining the difficulty of recalling non-verbal sequences in memory tests (i.e., Corsi Block Test and Digit Span Test): a more ordered task, of less entropy, will generally be easier to perform. Construct specification equations (CSEs) as a part of a methodological development, with entropy-based variables dominating, are found experimentally to explain (r =R2 = 0.98) and predict the construct of task difficulty for short-term memory tests using data from the NeuroMET (n = 88) and Gothenburg MCI (n = 257) studies. We propose entropy-based equivalence criteria, whereby different tasks (in the form of items) from different tests can be combined, enabling new memory tests to be formed by choosing a bespoke selection of items, leading to more efficient testing, improved reliability (reduced uncertainties) and validity. This provides opportunities for more practical and accurate measurement in clinical practice, research and trials.     

基础科学教育应把握好范畴及边界——以中学化学中结晶(重结晶)问题的教学为例

分析和阐述了结晶（重结晶）的基本原理，以课程标准为依据对结晶（重结晶）问题进行了教学要求的解析。认为，中学化学中的结晶（重结晶）问题的教学目标，不是结晶学的学科知识教学，也不是单纯的实验技能和方法培养，而应是围绕“溶解度及其应用”这一核心概念展开的辅助教学；认知边界应是溶解度概念在分离和提纯应用上的理解；把握基础科学教育内容的认知边界，是科学研究与科学教育、科学研究成果与科学教育素材的区别所在。     

On p-adic mathematical physics

A brief review of some selected topics in p-adic mathematical physics is presented. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

饱和水泥试样被爆炸激波损伤破碎的尺度研究

利用水中爆炸冲击波使水泥试样损伤破坏,模拟爆炸采油时激波使岩石损伤开裂的现象。实验获得了适合本实验条件的激波峰压衰减规律pm8.2(W1/3/R)1.46,得知压碎区尺度为集中装药特征尺度的2～5倍、拉伸损伤区尺度为集中装药特征尺度的20～30倍,激波使水泥试样破碎、拉裂的能量占总能量的2%～7%。