基于光谱学技术对丁香油与乙酸乙酯相抑LDL非酶糖基化、氧化修饰能力的比较

低密度脂蛋白(LDL)非酶糖基化和氧化修饰均是导致动脉粥样硬化(AS)的关键因素。前人发现,丁香可有效抑制牛血清白蛋白(BSA)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL)糖基化修饰,丁香乙酸乙酯相(EAEC)和丁香油(CBO)均具有很强的抗氧化活性。为了确定丁香抑制LDL糖基化及氧化所对应的最有效成分,在前人研究基础上采用光谱学技术对EAEC和CBO抑制LDL糖基化及氧化功能进行了比较。首先建立LDL-葡萄糖糖基化孵育体系,通过测定糖基化早期、中期和末期产物及三维荧光光谱的变化比较CBO和EAEC抑制LDL糖基化修饰的效果。其次,建立LDL-CuSO₄氧化孵育体系,通过测定荧光指标和三维荧光光谱、紫外可见波长扫描来比较两者抑制LDL氧化修饰效果。结果发现,EAEC和CBO对LDL糖基化修饰过程中产生的早期产物(Amadori产物)、中期产物(二羰基化合物)及终末期产物(戊糖素和AGEs)均具有很强的抑制效果,且EAEC的抑制效果均强于CBO;三维荧光光谱表征得到相同的结果。在LDL氧化修饰比较中,CBO对色氨酸(Trp)荧光猝灭、总荧光产物及脂褐素的生成、赖氨酸(Lys)修饰的抑制效果均显著强于非油成分的EAEC;三维荧光光谱表征也得到相同的结果;紫外、可见全波长扫描反映CBO比EAEC对共轭二烯(CD)生成及光谱红移的抑制效果更强。研究结果为后续锁定重点成分分离、纯化及研发丁香抗LDL糖基化及氧化功能食品提供参考。     

Investigating Antiarthritic Potential of Nanostructured Clove Oil (Syzygium aromaticum) in FCA-Induced Arthritic Rats: Pharmaceutical Action and Delivery Strategies

The combined application of clove oil in a lipid nanocarrier opens a promising avenue for bone and joints therapy. In this study, we successfully developed a tunable controlled-release lipid platform for the efficient delivery of clove oil (CO) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The ultra-small nanostructured lipid carriers co-loaded with CO (CONCs) were developed through an aqueous titration method followed by microfluidization. The CONCs appeared to be spherical (particle size of 120 nm), stable (zeta potential of −27 mV), and entrapped efficiently (84.5%). In toluene:acetone:glacial acetic acid (90:9:1 percent v/v/v) solvent systems, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis revealed the primary components in CO as eugenol (R_F = 0.58). The CONCs greatly increased the therapeutic impact of CO in both in vitro and in vivo biological tests, which was further supported by excellent antiarthritic action. The CONC had an antiarthritic activity that was slightly higher than neat CO and slightly lower than standard, according to our data. The improved formulation inhibited serum lysosomal enzymes and proinflammatory cytokines while also improving hind leg function. This study provides a proof of concept to treat RA with a new strategy utilizing essential oils via nanodelivery.     

Formulation and Evaluation of a Clove Oil-Encapsulated Nanofiber Formulation for Effective Wound-Healing

Wound-healing is complicated process that is affected by many factors, especially bacterial infiltration at the site and not only the need for the regeneration of damaged tissues but also the requirement for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and analgesic activity at the injured site. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate the natural essential oil-containing nanofiber (NF) mat with enhanced antibacterial activity, regenerative, non-cytotoxic, and wound-healing potential. Clove essential oil (CEO) encapsulated in chitosan and poly-ethylene oxide (PEO) polymers to form NFs and their morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) that confirmed the finest NFs prepared with a diameter of 154 ± 35 nm. The successful incorporation of CEO was characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffractometry (XRD). The 87.6 ± 13.1% encapsulation efficiency and 8.9 ± 0.98% loading of CEO was observed. A total of 79% release of CEO was observed in acidic pH 5.5 with 117% high degree of swelling. The prepared NF mat showed good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli and non-cytotoxic behavior against human fibroblast cell lines and showed good wound-healing potential.     

Clove Essential Oil (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae): Extraction,Chemical Composition,Food Applications,and Essential Bioactivity for Human Health

Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L. Myrtaceae) is an aromatic plant widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical countries, rich in volatile compounds and antioxidants such as eugenol, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene. Clove essential oil has received considerable interest due to its wide application in the perfume, cosmetic, health, medical, flavoring, and food industries. Clove essential oil has biological activity relevant to human health, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and insecticidal activity. The impacts of the extraction method (hydrodistillation, steam distillation, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, cold pressing, and supercritical fluid extraction) on the concentration of the main volatile compounds in clove essential oil and organic clove extracts are shown. Eugenol is the major compound, accounting for at least 50%. The remaining 10–40% consists of eugenyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, and α-humulene. The main biological activities reported are summarized. Furthermore, the main applications in clove essential oil in the food industry are presented. This review presents new biological applications beneficial for human health, such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anesthetic, antinociceptive, and anticancer activity. This review aims to describe the effects of different methods of extracting clove essential oil on its chemical composition and food applications and the biological activities of interest to human health.     

Ultramicrodetermination of Amino Acids and Histidyl-Peptides by Fluorescence Measurements of Spots on Paper

Abstract

A method was developed which ensures reproducibility of fluorescence of OPT histidine and histidyl-peptides, and other amino acid-ninhydrin-phenylacetaldehyde complexes absorbed on filter paper. A linear dependence of fluorescence was found in the range 2-400 ng for histidine and histidyl-peptides with the OPT reagent, and in the range 7-Z50 ng for glycine, phenylalanine, histidine and methionine, with the ninhydrin-phenylacetaldehyde reagent.     

Histochemical Chromatography A New Technique for Identifying Crystal and Oily Components in Cell Tissue by Combination of a Micromanipulator and HPLC

Abstract

The constituents of oil droplets in clove (bud of Eugenia caryophyllata) cell and crystals of berberine alkaloids in bark cell in Phellodendron amurense were transfered into a microcapillary glass tube attached to a micromanipulator apparatus and analysed by HPLC. The method makes it possible to identify components in cells as long as they are in an oily or crystalline state. This new ultramicro-technique is entitled “Histochemical Chromatography”.     

Topical Nano Clove/Thyme Gel against Genetically Identified Clinical Skin Isolates: In Vivo Targeting Behavioral Alteration and IGF-1/pFOXO-1/PPAR γ Cues

Antimicrobial resistance is a dramatic global threat; however, the slow progress of new antibiotic development has impeded the identification of viable alternative strategies. Natural antioxidant-based antibacterial approaches may provide potent therapeutic abilities to effectively block resistance microbes’ pathways. While essential oils (EOs) have been reported as antimicrobial agents, its application is still limited ascribed to its low solubility and stability characters; additionally, the related biomolecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Hence, the study aimed to develop a nano-gel natural preparation with multiple molecular mechanisms that could combat bacterial resistance in an acne vulgaris model. A nano-emulgel of thyme/clove EOs (NEG8) was designed, standardized, and its antimicrobial activity was screened in vitro and in vivo against genetically identified skin bacterial clinical isolates (Pseudomonas stutzeri, Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus thuringiensis). As per our findings, NEG8 exhibited bacteriostatic and potent biofilm inhibition activities. An in vivo model was also established using the commercially available therapeutic, adapalene in contra genetically identified microorganism. Improvement in rat behavior was reported for the first time and NEG8 abated the dermal contents/protein expression of IGF-1, TGF-β/collagen, Wnt/β-catenin, JAK2/STAT-3, NE, 5-HT, and the inflammatory markers; p(Ser536) NF-κBp65, TLR-2, and IL-6. Moreover, the level of dopamine, protective anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10 and PPAR-γ protein were enhanced, also the skin histological structures were improved. Thus, NEG8 could be a future potential topical clinical alternate to synthetic agents, with dual merit mechanism as bacteriostatic antibiotic action and non-antibiotic microbial pathway inhibitor.     

Absolute Antioxidant Activity of Five Phenol-Rich Essential Oils

Essential oils (EOs) have promising antioxidant activities which are gaining interest as natural alternatives to synthetic antioxidants in the food and cosmetic industries. However, quantitative data on chain-breaking activity and on the kinetics of peroxyl radical trapping are missing. Five phenol-rich EOs were analyzed by GC-MS and studied by oxygen-uptake kinetics in inhibited controlled autoxidations of reference substrates (cumene and squalene). Terpene-rich Thymus vulgaris (thymol 4%; carvacrol 33.9%), Origanum vulgare, (thymol 0.4%; carvacrol 66.2%) and Satureja hortensis, (thymol 1.7%; carvacrol 46.6%), had apparent k_inh (30 °C, PhCl) of (1.5 ± 0.3) × 10⁴, (1.3 ± 0.1) × 10⁴ and (1.1 ± 0.3) × 10⁴ M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively, while phenylpropanoid-rich Eugenia caryophyllus (eugenol 80.8%) and Cinnamomum zeylanicum, (eugenol 81.4%) showed apparent k_inh (30 °C, PhCl) of (5.0 ± 0.1) × 10³ and (4.9 ± 0.3) × 10³ M⁻¹s⁻¹, respectively. All EOs already granted good antioxidant protection of cumene at a concentration of 1 ppm (1 mg/L), the duration being proportional to their phenolic content, which dictated their antioxidant behavior. They also afforded excellent protection of squalene after adjusting their concentration (100 mg/L) to account for the much higher oxidizability of this substrate. All investigated EOs had k_inh comparable to synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were are eligible to replace it in the protection of food or cosmetic products.