Bestimmung der Oberfl?chenzusammensetzung von Calcit in Mg2+-haltigen Ca-45-markierten L?sungen

Zusammenfassung Über den Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺-Ionenaustausch wurde der Mg²⁺-Ionengehalt in Calcitoberflächen in Abhängigkeit von der Mg²⁺-Konzentration in Ca-45-markierten Lösungen bestimmt. Es wurde gefunden, daß der Anstieg des Molverhältnisses Mg/Ca in der Calcit-Oberfläche bei steigendem Mg²⁺-Gehalt in der Lösung jeweils bei Erreichen von Mg/Ca 1 und 3 deutlich verringert wird. Die ermittelte Austauschisotherme kann benutzt werden, um über eine Bestimmung des Mg/Ca-Verhältnisses in der Lösung auf dasjenige in der Oberfläche zu schließen.Vortrag anläßlich der Tagung Spurenanalyse, 2. bis 5. April 1973 in Erlangen.     

Conlometric determination of weak bases applying bismuth electrode pair for the end-point detection

Tertiäre Amine und Salze organischer Säuren werden in Acetanhydrid mit 5% Essigsäure durch anodische Proton-Erzeugung auf Platin in Gegenwart von Hydrochinon mit Hilfe der biamperometrischen Endpunkttechnik mit einem Wismutelektrodenpaar quantitativ bestimmt. Mengen von 0,5–0,9 mg wurden mit einer mittleren Abweichung von <1% analysiert. Die Ergebnisse stimmten zufriedenstellend mit denen aus thermometrischen und photometrischen Titrationen überein.Summary Tertiary amines and salts of organic acids have been quantitatively determined in acetic anhydride with 5% of acetic acid by means of anodic generation of protons on platinum in the presence of hydroquinone, applying a biamperometric end-point detection using an indicating system of bismuth electrodes. Amounts of 0.5–0.9 mg have been analysed with average deviations of <1%. Good agreement was obtained with the results of thermometric and photometric titrations.

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Coulometrische Bestimmung von schwachen Basen unter Anwendung eines Wismut-Elektrodenpaars als Indicatorsystem

     

From Electronegativity towards Reactivity—Searching for a Measure of Atomic Reactivity

Pauling introduced the concept of electronegativity of an atom which has played an important role in understanding the polarity and ionic character of bonds between atoms. We set out to define a related concept of atomic reactivity in such a way that it can be quantified and used to predict the stability of covalent bonds in molecules. Guided by the early definition of electronegativity by Mulliken in terms of first ionization energies and Pauling in terms of bond energies, we propose corresponding definitions of atomic reactivity. The main goal of clearly distinguishing the inert gas atoms as nonreactive is fulfilled by three different proposed measures of atomic reactivity. The measure likely to be found most useful is based on the bond energies in atomic hydrides, which are related to atomic reactivities by a geometric average. The origin of the atomic reactivity is found in the symmetry of the atomic environment and related conservation laws which are also the origin of the shell structure of atoms and the periodic table. The reactive atoms are characterized by degenerate or nearly degenerate (several states of the same or nearly the same energy) ground states, while the inert atoms have nondegenerate ground states and no near-degeneracies. We show how to extend the use of the Aufbau model of atomic structure to qualitatively describe atomic reactivity in terms of ground state degeneracy. The symmetry and related conservation laws of atomic electron structures produce a strain (energy increase) in the structure, which we estimate by use of the Thomas-Fermi form of DFT implemented approximately with and without the symmetry and conservation constraints. This simplified and approximate analysis indicates that the total strain energy of an atom correlates strongly with the corresponding atomic reactivity measures but antibonding mechanisms prevent full conversion of strain relaxation to bonding.     

Amenable representations and finite injective von Neumann algebras

Let be the unitary group of a finite, injective von Neumann algebra . We observe that any subrepresentation of a group representation into is amenable in the sense of Bekka; this yields short proofs of two known results-one by Robertson, one by Haagerup-concerning group representations into .