关于管理比较研究中应注意的问题——兼谈“中国式管理”的建立基础

本文出于建立“中国式管理”的目的，着重探讨了现在管理比较研究中存在的问题．首先从社会学角度探讨了管理的由来、作用及其两重性；其次，中国现状十分需要加强管理，而引进的先进经验又不一定适合中国国情；管理比较研究是建立中国式管理的捷径．目前．管理比较研究存在着忽视与社会、经济、文化等比较研究相结合的问题，使得现在比较流行的日美管理比较研究的结论有一些不合理．并指出解决这一问题就要进行广泛全面的比较研究．     

枳实、枳壳用于复方治疗冠心病的临床疗效观察

目的观察枳实、枳壳用于复方治疗冠心病的临床疗效对比分析。方法观察260例冠心病心绞痛患者,随机分为对照组、复方组(分1~4小组)、阴性组(分a~d小组)、考察组(分Ⅰ~Ⅳ小组),疗程8周。结果各项评价指标显示,复方组(1~4)、考察组(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)明显优于对照组(P0.05),复方各小组与对应考察组比较无显著性差异(P0.05),但考察组(Ⅲ、Ⅳ)不良反应率高于对应的复方组。阴性组疾病疗效、心电图与对照组比较无显著性差异,中医症状改善明显优于对照组。复方组与对应阴性组比较有明显差异。结论枳实、枳壳用于复方中治疗冠心病心绞痛有重要作用,能明显缓解心绞痛症状,改善中医症状,提高疾病疗效,两者之间不可完全相互替代。     

Simultaneous determination of eight adulterants in weight management supplements and herbs by HPLC–DAD and LC–MS/MS

An efficient HPLC–DAD method was developed for simultaneous determination of eight adulterants in weight management supplements and herbs. The eight adulterants were phenolphthalein, sibutramine, nuciferine, and five anthraquinone compounds including aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, and physcion. The analytes were ultrasonically extracted with 70% (v/v) methanol aqueous solution followed by centrifugation. The supernatant was subjected to HPLC analysis. A Phenomenex Luna C18 column was applied for chromatographic separation. The mobile phase was consisted of methanol and aqueous solution of 0.05% (v/v) phosphoric acid–0.025% (m/v) sodium dodecyl sulfonate. The flow rate of mobile phase was 0.8?ml?min^?1 with gradient elution. Clenbuterol and ibuprofen were used as internal standards. The retention times and the characteristic UV spectrograms were used for qualitative analysis. Quantifications were based on the internal standard curves. Good linearities (r?>?0.9996) for all analytes were obtained with the intra- and inter-day precision (n?=?6) ranging from 0.76 to 5.9% and 0.90 to 8.1%, respectively. The average recoveries from the spiked samples with different matrices varied from 73.4 to 114%. Validations were subsequently performed using LC–MS/MS. The proposed method successfully determined the target adulterants in eight commercial weight management supplements and five weight reducing herbs with satisfactory results.     

Quantitative studies of rhubarb using quantitative analysis of multicomponents by single marker and response surface methodology

In this work, we developed a novel approach to evaluate the contents of bioactive components in rhubarb. The present method was based on the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and response surface methodology approaches. The quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker method based on high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detection was developed and applied to determine the contents of 12 bioactive components in rhubarb. No significant differences were found in the results from the quantitative analysis of multicomponents by a single‐marker and the external standard method. In order to maximize the extraction of 12 bioactive compounds in rhubarb, the ultrasonic‐assisted extraction conditions were obtained by the response surface methodology coupled with Box–Behnken design. According to the obtained results, we showed that the optimal conditions would be as follows: proportion of ethanol/water 74.39%, solvent‐to‐solid ratio 24.07:1 v/w, extraction time 51.13 min, and extraction temperature 63.61°C. The analytical scheme established in this research should be a reliable, convenient, and appropriate method for quantitative determination of bioactive compounds in rhubarb.     

Enforcement of the ban on aristolochic acids in Chinese traditional herbal preparations on the Dutch market

In traditional chinese medicine several Aristolochia species are used. Aristolochia spp. contain a mixture of aristolochic acids (AAs), mainly AA I and AA II which are nephrotoxicants and carcinogens. After AA-related nephropathy (AAN) and urothelial cancer were described in female patients in Belgium following intake of AA-contaminated herbal preparations, herbs with AAs were prohibited worldwide. Confusing nomenclature can cause AA contamination of certain Chinese traditional herbal preparations (THPs). Here we report the results of investigations by the Dutch Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (VWA) into the presence of AAs in THPs sampled on the Dutch market using a liquid-chromatography–-mass spectrometry method. Between 2002 and 2006 we sampled 190 Chinese THPs using recent information on Chinese THPs potentially containing AAs. AA I was found in 25 samples up to a concentration of 1,676 mg/kg. AA II was also found in 13 of these samples up to 444 mg/kg. All 25 positive samples including Mu Tong, Fang Ji, Tian Xian Teng and Xi Xin were part of a group of 68 THPs identified as possibly containing AAs. In a worst-case scenario, use of a sample of Mu Tong with the highest AA content over a 7-day period would result in the same intake levels of AAs which significantly raised the cancer risk in the Belgian AAN cases. Our results show that contaminated THPs still can be found on the market following worldwide publicity. Therefore, it can be concluded that testing of possibly AA-contaminated THPs is still essential. Figure Various Chinese Herbs     

Activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs radionuclides in Turkish medicinal herbs,their ingestion doses and cancer risks

Twenty-two medicinal herb samples, each representing a distinct species, were collected from Turkish markets and measured by the gamma spectrometric method. The activity concentration of ²²⁶Ra in medicinal herbs was found in the range of minimum detectable activity (MDA) and 15.1?±?2.2?Bqkg^?1. The activity concentration of ²³²Th ranged from MDA values to 3.5?±?0.8?Bqkg^?1. The activity concentration of ⁴⁰K varied between 50.0?±?16.8 and 1311.5?±?57.3?Bqkg^?1. All ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations of medicinal herbs were found to have lower than MDA values. The bone surface dose, lower large intestine and colon doses were found to be 182.9, 18.8 and 18.7?µSvy^?1, respectively. The highest committed effective dose originated from the annual ingestion of 1?kg medicinal herb was calculated notably low as 9.0?µSv. The cancer risk of ingestion of medicinal herbs was found to be small enough to be neglected. The selected Turkish medicinal herbs are considered safe for human consumption.     

Rapid determination of pesticide residues in herbs using selective pressurized liquid extraction and fast gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry

A selective pressurized liquid extraction and gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometer method was developed for simultaneous determination of 52 pesticide residues in medicine and food dual-purpose herbs. The developed extraction method integrated extraction and cleanup processes for sample preparation. The sorbents, 5 g Florisil and 100 mg graphitized carbon black, were placed inside the extraction cell to remove matrix interferences. Optimized conditions of selective pressurized liquid extraction were ethyl acetate as extraction solvent, 120°C of extraction temperature, 6 min of static extraction time, 50% of flush volume extracted for two cycles. An ultra inert capillary GC-MS HP-5 UI column (20 m × 0.18 mm id, 0.18 μm) and column backflush system were used for the analysis. Multiple-reaction monitoring was employed for the quantitative analysis with electron ionization mode. All calibration curves showed good linearity (r(2) > 0.995) within the test ranges. The average recoveries of most pesticides were from 81 to 118%. The validated method was successfully applied for the determination of pesticide residues in four herbs. The results indicate that selective pressurized liquid extraction and GC-MS/MS is a sensitive and reliable analytical method for the simultaneous determination of multiple pesticide residues in herbs.     

穿心莲内酯的溶剂浮选

应用溶剂浮选法对穿心莲乙醇提取液中的穿心莲内酯进行分离富集,优化了穿心莲内酯的浮选条件.实验表明:浮选溶剂为乙酸乙酯,水相与有机相体积比为2: 1,加入水相体积4%的乙醇,溶液pH 7,氮气流速200 mL/min,浮选时间40 min为最佳浮选条件.在最佳实验条件下,穿心莲内酯平均收率为94.1%; RSD为1.1%,平均标准加入回收率95.1%; 富集倍数为9.7倍.溶剂浮选法分离穿心莲内酯不仅能得到满意的回收率和富集倍数,并能有效地除去水溶性杂质,提高目标物纯度.与溶剂萃取法相比, 溶剂浮选法能节约有机溶剂和操作时间.     

利用FAAS法测定利水渗湿类中草药中锌、铁、铜、锰含量

采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法（FAAS）测定了6种利水渗湿类中草药（茯苓、泽泻、苡仁、茵陈、猪苓、革解）中锌、铁、铜、锰4种微量元素的含量．采用浓的HNO3＋HClO4（4＋1,V/V）混合酸消解样品,对测定结果进行了准确度和精密度评价,其加标回收率在92．3％-109．0％之间,相对标准偏差（RSD）不大于2．31％．测定结果表明：6种中草药中都含有丰富的微量元素,其中Cu含量相对偏低．     

Ballpoint connector‐protected salt‐oil‐salt liquid phase microextraction for concentration and enrichment of trace anthraquinone compounds in rhubarb

This study proposed a new ballpoint connector‐protected salt‐oil‐salt liquid phase microextraction for extraction and enrichment of trace rhein and chrysophanol in rhubarb prior to determination of the analytes by high performance liquid chromatography. In this study, a handy ballpoint connector (between ballpoint tip and ink chamber) was used as extraction device, in which its cavity was filled with n‐octanol, and the bare n‐octanol in its two opening ends was covered with a thin layer of sodium chloride film. The design subtly assembled salt film onto ballpoint connector for extraction and enrichment, which greatly improved the enrichment factors of the target analytes. Moreover, the novel procedure and its extraction mechanism were described and analyzed, and several crucial parameters reflecting the extraction effect were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, high enrichment factors (247 and 127), good linearities with r ≥ 0.9998, limits of detection (0.6–1.1 ng/mL), relative standard deviations of intra‐ and interday (2.2–8.8% and 4.3–8.9%), and average recoveries (97.6–98.1%), were obtained, respectively. The proposed method can not only eliminate the negative effects from viscosity and ion strength at high salt concentration of sample phase, but also make salting‐out effect be focused on small area so as to maximize the extraction effect.