用鸡胚培养对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)的研究

为探索对虾白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)能否在鸡胚中培养, 基于稳定培养体系, 将WSSV接种到SPF鸡胚中. 收获接种3d后死亡的鸡胚, 从中提取病毒; 将其再次接种到健康鸡胚中, 传代5次后, 由卵黄囊膜提取病毒, 将其经肌肉注射至克氏原螯虾, 结果实验组克氏原螯虾100%死亡, 而对照组无死亡情况. 对各代鸡胚及克氏原螯虾进行PCR和电镜检测, 实验组呈WSSV阳性; 电镜下, 死亡鸡胚细胞中可见大量正在组装的病毒粒子; 表明WSSV可用鸡胚进行培养.     

Pigmentation of White,Brown, and Green Chicken Eggshells Analyzed by Reflectance,Transmittance, and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

We report on the reflectance, transmittance and fluorescence spectra (λ=200–1200 nm) of four types of chicken eggshells (white, brown, light green, dark green) measured in situ without pretreatment and after ablation of 20–100 μm of the outer shell regions. The color pigment protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) is embedded in the protein phase of all four shell types as highly fluorescent monomers, in the white and light green shells additionally as non-fluorescent dimers, and in the brown and dark green shells mainly as non-fluorescent poly-aggregates. The green shell colors are formed from an approximately equimolar mixture of PPIX and biliverdin. The axial distribution of protein and colorpigments were evaluated from the combined reflectances of both the outer and inner shell surfaces, as well as from the transmittances. For the data generation we used the radiative transfer model in the random walk and Kubelka-Munk approaches.     

Chemometric Analysis of Fatty Acid Composition of Raw Chicken,Beef, and Pork Meat with Plant Extract Addition during Refrigerated Storage

During the shelf-life, meat undergoes a number of processes that negatively affect the quality of the product, including fatty acid composition. The application of various plant extracts in meat could affect the changes of fatty acids during storage. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various spice and herb extracts on fatty acid composition in raw pork, beef, and chicken meat when stored at 4 °C for 13 days. Based on multivariate statistical analysis, two datasets were extracted from each type of meat. One dataset included samples with allspice, bay leaf, black seed, cardamom, caraway, clove, and nutmeg with the high share of total MUFA (monounsaturated fatty acids) in chicken and pork meat and high MUFA and PUFA (polyunsaturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat after storage. The second dataset included basil, garlic, onion, oregano, rosemary, and thyme with high PUFA share in chicken and pork meat and high SFA (saturated fatty acids) contribution in beef meat. From the regression analysis, a significant effect of time on fatty acid composition in meat was reported. Generally, the rates of fatty acid changes were dependent on the plant extract incorporated into the meat. The most visible effect of plant extracts was obtained in chicken meat. In chicken meat with plant extracts, the rates of SFA and PUFA changes with time were slower compared to the control sample. In summary, the fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat varied during storage, and the addition of plant extracts significantly affected the rate of these changes, which was dependent on the meat matrix.     

Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics,and CO2 Efflux in the Calcareous Sandy Loam Soil Treated with Chemically Modified Organic Amendments

In Saudi Arabia, more than 335,000 tons of cow manure is produced every year from dairy farming. However, the produced cow manure is usually added to the agricultural soils as raw or composted manure; significant nitrogen losses occur during the storage, handling, and application of the raw manure. The recovery of ammonia from cow manure through thermochemical treatments is a promising technique to obtain concentrated nitrogen fertilizer and reducing nitrogen losses from raw manure. However, the byproduct effluents from the recovery process are characterized by different chemical properties from the original raw manure; thus, its impact as soil amendments on the soil carbon and nitrogen dynamics is unknown. Therefore, a 90-day incubation experiment was conducted to study the impact of these effluents on CO₂ efflux, organic C, microbial biomass C, available NH₄⁺, and NO₃⁻ when added to agricultural soil. In addition to the two types of effluents (produced at pH 9 and pH 12), raw cow manure (CM), composted cow manure (CMC), cow manure biochar (CMB), and control were used for comparison. The application of CM resulted in a considerable increase in soil available nitrogen and CO₂ efflux, compared to other treatments. Cow manure biochar showed the lowest CO₂ efflux. Cumulative CO₂ effluxes of cow manure effluents were lower than CM; this is possibly due to the relatively high C:N ratio of manure effluent. The content of P, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mn decreased as incubation time increased. Soil microbial biomass C for soil treated with cow manure effluents (pH 12 and 7) was significantly higher than the rest of the soil amendments and control.     

Immobilized Cells in Anaerobic Digestion for Methane from Poultry Manure

The two-stage immobilized microbe waste processor designed for sewage treatment by Messing has been modified to process poultry manure. The Messing reactor of 120-mL volume was modified and scaled up to a 4-L volume. Three different carrier materials have been investigated. Temperatures for each of the two stages were examined, and residence time as well as feed concentration were explored. Analytical data has been computer analyzed using multiple variable correlations and the results of this analysis have indicated directions for optimization.     

Arsenic speciation in water and biota samples at trace levels by ion chromatography inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry

A sensitive, reliable, simple and rapid analytical method was developed for the determination of arsenite [As(III)], arsenate [As(V)] and arsenobetaine (AsB) species using ion chromatography combined with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (IC-ICP-MS). Inorganic and organic arsenic species were separated with an anion exchange column (Dionex AS9) and a 50 mM sodium bicarbonate mobile phase (pH 10) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min^?1. %RSD values were found to be lower than 5.1% for all arsenic species. The limits of detection (LOD) obtained for As(III), As(V) and AsB were 16.5 ng L^?1, 14.1 ng L^?1 and 6.2 ng L^?1, respectively. The developed analytical method was tested using AsB certified reference material (NMIJ CRM 7901-a), and spring water certified reference material (UME CRM 1201) for accuracy check. This method was applied for the quantitative determination of arsenic species in different water samples and chicken samples as a solid matrix.     

基质固相分散萃取-高效液相色谱法检测鸡组织中均三嗪类药物残留

本研究建立了基于基质固相分散萃取(MSPD)-高效液相色谱紫外检测法(HPLC/UVD)的同步检测鸡组织中地克珠利和妥曲珠利残留的快速、高效和经济的新方法。正交试验优化后的基质固相分散萃取的最佳条件如下,预混有地克珠利和妥曲珠利混合标准溶液的0.5g鸡组织匀浆在研钵中与2gCl8填料研匀,静置2~5min后装萃取柱;萃取柱自底层到上层依次装入玻璃棉、1.5g无水Na2SO4、样品混合物、0.5g无水Na2SO4;压紧后依次用8mL正己烷、8mL甲醇水溶液(1∶4,V/V)淋洗,8mL甲醇洗脱,收集洗脱液,50℃旋转蒸发,0.5mL流动相溶解,过0.22μm滤膜后进样检测。最佳色谱条件为C18分析柱(250mm×4.6mmi.d.,5μm);流动相:0.05mol/LH3PO4-三乙胺(pH3.0)-乙腈(40 60);流速:1.0mL/min;检测波长:240nm,AUFS=0.05;进样体积:20μL;柱温:20℃。该检测方法的定量线性范围为50~1000μg/L。在50、500和1000ng/g的添加水平,地克珠利和妥曲珠利从鸡组织中的回收率范围为71.1%~84.0%,相对标准偏差的范围为3.8%~12.1%;同时方法的日内和日间相对标准偏差范围为3.70%~6.77%。地克珠利的检出限为8ng/g(肌肉)和10ng/g(肝、肾),妥曲珠利的检出限为7ng/g(肌肉)和10ng/g(肝、肾);地克珠利的定量限为12ng/g(肌肉)和15ng/g(肝、肾),妥曲珠利的定量限为10ng/g(肌肉)和15ng/g(肝、肾)。     

在线净化液相色谱-串联质谱法测定畜禽粪便中7种β2-受体激动剂

建立了同时测定畜禽粪便中福莫特罗、沙美特罗、卡布特罗、克伦异磅特罗、克伦潘特、克伦塞罗和羟甲基克伦特罗7种β2-受体激动剂的超高效液相色谱-串联质谱( UPLC-MS/MS)分析方法。样品经酸性乙腈充分提取后,再用0.2％甲酸溶液稀释,提取液用阳离子交换在线净化柱( HyperSep Retain CX)净化,2％氨水-甲醇溶液将分析物洗脱转入至Hypersil Gold C18分析柱,经色谱分离后,用串联质谱检测。在正离子电喷雾条件下,采用选择反应监测模式检测,以外标法定量。结果表明,7种β受体激动剂在0.5~100μg/L的浓度范围内线性良好,线性相关系数均大于0.9928。取3倍信噪比下,畜禽粪便中7种β2受体激动剂的检出限为1μg/kg,定量限为5μg/kg。在空白猪、鸡粪便中添加5~50μg/kg水平的7种β2受体激动剂,得到平均回收率为67％~112％,其相对标准偏差为2.9％~10.2％。本方法简单快速,适用于畜禽粪便中β2-受体激动剂残留的定量及确证分析。     

UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS测定鸡肉组织中5种糖皮质激素残留

建立了鸡肉组织中地塞米松、泼尼松、氢化可的松、甲基氢化泼尼松、曲安那德5种糖皮质激素的QuEChERS前处理方法以及超高效液相色谱-高分辨质谱(UHPLC-LTQ Orbitrap MS)检测方法。对QuECh-ERS前处理条件进行优化,结果表明,以乙酸乙酯为提取溶剂,乙二胺-N-丙基(PSA)为净化吸附剂,可达到最佳提取和净化效果。采用Waters AQUITY UPLC HSS T3(2.1 mm×150 mm,1.8μm)色谱柱进行分离,以乙腈-0.1%甲酸水溶液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为250μL/min。通过LTQ Orbitrap MS质谱检测器进行检测,以保留时间和精确质量数进行定性,母离子的峰面积进行定量。5种糖皮质激素的线性范围为1～100μg/L,相关系数均大于0.99,在5、10、20μg/kg 3个加标水平下的回收率为87.5%～119.7%,相对标准偏差(RSDs)为2.0%～11.0%。5种糖皮质激素的检出限(LODs)为0.49～0.78μg/kg,定量下限(LOQs)为1.62～2.57μg/kg。该方法稳定、可靠,可满足鸡肉中地塞米松等糖皮质激素残留的检测与确证要求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定鸡肝中残留的四环素类、磺胺类和喹诺酮类药物

采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)在正离子模式下通过多反应监测(MRM)方式同时测定了鸡肝脏组织中3种四环素类药物、10种磺胺类药物以及8种喹诺酮类药物的残留。试样由McIlvaine缓冲液-乙腈(体积比为1:4)、乙腈提取,合并上清液并用氮气吹干,用0.05 mol/L磷酸三乙胺缓冲液-乙腈(体积比为85:15)溶解残余物,经正己烷脱脂后,采用UPLC-MS/MS进行定性、定量分析。该方法对测定的21种药物的检出限均为2 μg/kg,定量限均为5 μg/kg。在添加水平分别为5,10和50 μg/kg时,21种药物的加标回收率为66.8%～128.5%,日内测定的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.8%～20.2%,日间测定的RSD为2.2%～15.3%。该方法可作为动物源性食品中这3类药物残留检测的确证方法。