细胞穿透环肽

细胞穿透环肽能够穿透细胞膜,特异性地靶向细胞内靶标,并具有较好的体内稳定性,因而具备很好的成药性,并受到研究者越来越多的关注.目前,主要有两种方式获得细胞穿透环肽,即从天然产物中获得和对已有的环肽或线性肽进行化学修饰.本文主要对上述两方面进行简要综述,重点介绍两类细胞穿透环肽天然产物以及通过化学修饰方法得到细胞穿透环肽的策略,并探讨细胞穿透环肽的结构-活性关系及其细胞穿透机理.     

化学工程:从基础研究到工业应用

本文介绍了我国中长期发展规划中所制定的化学化工学科发展目标,综述了化学工程学科近十余年来在队伍建设、平台建设和国家级奖励等方面所取得的成果,列举了若干化学工程在传递与过程强化、化工分离过程、精细与药物化工、能源化工和材料化工领域从基础研究到工业化应用的例子和成果,展望了化学工程学科今后发展的方向及目标.     

潮汕工夫茶中的化学智慧

潮汕工夫茶中蕴含了丰富的化学文化。长期以来,潮汕人在凤凰单枞茶的品种选育、种植、加工以及品饮等诸多方面, 十分关注影响茶叶品质与风味的儿茶素、茶氨酸、咖啡因、可溶性糖、色素、萜类等化学物质,并在生产、加工中对这些化学成分的含量及生化转化精细控制,形成了凤凰单枞茶特有的品质与风味;同时,针对凤凰单枞茶活性成分的组成特点,摸索出一套科学的冲泡程式,充分展现出潮汕工夫茶文化中的化学智慧。     

加速实验法测定阿司匹林药物有效期

在加速实验法测定阿司匹林药物有效期化学动力学综合实验中, 以阿司匹林水溶液为研究对象, 采用双波长紫外分光光度法消除水解产物的干扰以进行阿司匹林含量测定。实验结果表明选择275 nm与316 nm 2个波长处的吸光值差可消除水杨酸对阿司匹林含量测定的干扰, 方法简便, 结果合理。     

液栅型石墨烯场效应管的缓冲液浓度和pH响应特性

本文使用化学气相沉积（Chemical Vapor Deposition,CVD）石墨烯制作了高灵敏度、低噪声的液栅型石墨烯场效应管（Solution-Gated Graphene Field Effect Transistors,SGFETs）,并测试了该器件对磷酸盐缓冲液（Phosphate Buffered Saline,PBS）浓度和pH的响应特性. 随缓冲液浓度的增大,SGFETs转移特性曲线的最小电导点向左偏移,偏移量与溶液浓度的自然对数呈线性关系. 随pH的增大,其最小电导点向右偏移,偏移量与溶液pH呈线性关系. 该响应特性对石墨烯生化传感器排除外界影响因素有一定的指导作用.     

Tri-peptide reference structures for the calculation of relative solvent accessible surface area in protein amino acid residues

Relative amino acid residue solvent accessibility values allow the quantitative comparison of atomic solvent-accessible surface areas in different residue types and physical environments in proteins and in protein structural alignments. Geometry-optimised tri-peptide structures in extended solvent-exposed reference conformations have been obtained for 43 amino acid residue types at a high level of quantum chemical theory. Significant increases in side-chain solvent accessibility, offset by reductions in main-chain atom solvent exposure, were observed for standard residue types in partially geometry-optimised structures when compared to non-minimised models built from identical sets of proper dihedral angles abstracted from the literature. Optimisation of proper dihedral angles led most notably to marked increases of up to 54% in proline main-chain atom solvent accessibility compared to literature values. Similar effects were observed for fully-optimised tri-peptides in implicit solvent. The relief of internal strain energy was associated with systematic variation in N, C^α and C^β atom solvent accessibility across all standard residue types. The results underline the importance of optimisation of ‘hard’ degrees of freedom (bond lengths and valence bond angles) and improper dihedral angle values from force field or other context-independent reference values, and impact on the use of standardised fixed internal co-ordinate geometry in sampling approaches to the determination of absolute values of protein amino acid residue solvent accessibility. Quantum chemical methods provide a useful and accurate alternative to molecular mechanics methods to perform energy minimisation of peptides containing non-standard (chemically modified) amino acid residues frequently present in experimental protein structure data sets, for which force field parameters may not be available. Reference tri-peptide atomic co-ordinate sets including hydrogen atoms are made freely available.     

某复杂铝土矿中高岭石与一水硬铝石的分离方法问题研究

研究了某低品位复杂铝土矿中高岭石与一水硬铝石矿物相分离的传统选择性溶剂(HF溶液)的不适应性问题。物质组成分析指出,由于此类物料中伴生有含钠(钠长石)和含镁(铁质角闪石)等脉石类矿物,所以在用HF溶液浸取高岭石的反应过程中,与Al 3+同步进入浸出液中的Na+和Mg2+等,又与F-反应,形成NaMgAlF6·xH2O次生沉淀,且其与一水硬铝石矿物相一并留于余渣中,而直接干扰测定。因此,对H2SO4溶液作为选择性溶剂的可替代性问题进行了验证。结果表明:试样于500℃预焙烧后,用H2SO4(12mol/L)溶液沸水浴浸取分离高岭石,于余渣中测定一水硬铝石,可获得比较满意的结果。同时,对钠长石等其它含铝矿物干扰测定的校正方法问题,也进行了探讨。     

介绍一个与材料相关的研究型综合化学实验——壳聚糖的制备与表征

在中国科学技术大学夏季学期的研究型实验课程化学科研基础训练中开设壳聚糖的制备与表征综合实验,以龙虾壳为原料,通过除蛋白、脱盐、脱色、脱乙酰等一系列反应,制备得到目标产物壳聚糖。运用红外光谱、核磁共振仪、黏度法、滴定等对产品的结构及性能进行表征。     

生物质热解制备木醋液及其性质研究

对杉木屑、棉杆、竹屑三种生物质热解制得的木醋液产率、基本理化性质及其有机成分进行了分析研究。结果表明,三种生物质原料在350℃下热解制得的粗木醋液、精制木醋液产率相差不大,相同条件下氯化钾浸渍处理后的杉木屑热解所得的粗木醋液、精制木醋液的产率有所降低。三种原料制得的精制木醋液的理化性质不同,杉木屑木醋液的pH值最小,密度最大,竹屑和棉杆木醋液的有机酸含量相对较高。采用GC-MS对精制木醋液中的有机成分进行了分析,结果表明,杉木屑木醋液中的主要组分为酸类、酚类和酮类化合物,棉杆和竹屑木醋液中的主要组分除这三类有机物质外,还含有相对含量较高的醇类化合物。酸类和酚类化合物在三种木醋液中的相对含量依次是竹屑 >棉杆 >木屑;酮类的相对含量依次是木屑 >棉杆 >竹屑。氯化钾处理后的木屑热解所得的木醋液中主要组分酚类和酮类化合物的相对含量有所降低,酸类化合物的相对含量增加,主要表现为乙酸相对含量的增加。与杉木屑木醋液相比,KCl处理后的杉木屑木醋液中的醇类化合物相对含量增加了1倍左右。     

Molecularly engineered graphene surfaces for sensing applications: A review

Graphene is scientifically and commercially important because of its unique molecular structure which is monoatomic in thickness, rigorously two-dimensional and highly conjugated. Consequently, graphene exhibits exceptional electrical, optical, thermal and mechanical properties. Herein, we critically discuss the surface modification of graphene, the specific advantages that graphene-based materials can provide over other materials in sensor research and their related chemical and electrochemical properties. Furthermore, we describe the latest developments in the use of these materials for sensing technology, including chemical sensors and biosensors and their applications in security, environmental safety and diseases detection and diagnosis.