Memory and a priori best strategy in complex adaptive systems

We employ an agent‐based model to show that memory and the absence of an a priori best strategy are sufficient for self‐segregation and clustering to emerge in a complex adaptive system with discrete agents that do not compete over a limited resource nor contend in a winner‐take‐all scenario. An agent starts from a corner of a two‐dimensional lattice and aims to reach a randomly selected site in the opposite side within the shortest possible time. The agent is isolated during the course of its journey and does not interact with other agents. Time‐bound obstacles appear at random lattice locations and the agent must decide whether to challenge or evade any obstacle blocking its path. The agent is capable of adapting a strategy in dealing with an obstacle. We analyze the dependence of strategy‐retention time with strategy for both memory‐based and memory‐less agents. We derive the equality spectrum to establish the environmental conditions that favor the existence of an a priori best strategy. We found that memory‐less agents do not polarize into two opposite strategy‐retention time distributions nor cluster toward a center distribution. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 9: 41–46, 2004     

Lot-sizing with fixed charges on stocks: the convex hull

In this paper, we examine a variant of the uncapacitated lot-sizing model of Wagner–Whitin that includes fixed charges on the stocks. Such a model is natural in a production environment where stocking is a complex operation, and appears as a subproblem in more general network design problems.

Linear-programming formulations, a dynamic program, the convex hull of integer solutions and a separation algorithm are presented. All these turn out to be very natural extensions of the corresponding results of Barany et al. (Math. Programming Stud. 22 (1984) 32) for the uncapacitated lot-sizing problem. The convex hull proof is based on showing that an extended facility location formulation is tight and by projecting it onto the original space of variables.     

On the role of the interface charge in non-ideal metal–semiconductor contacts

The bias dependent interface charge is considered as the origin of the observed non-ideality in current–voltage and capacitance–voltage characteristics. Using the simplified model for the interface electronic structure based on defects interacting with the continuum of interface states, the microscopic origin of empirical parameters describing the bias dependent interface charge function is investigated. The results show that in non-ideal metal–semiconductor contacts the interface charge function depends on the interface disorder parameter, density of defects, barrier pinning parameter and the effective gap center. The theoretical predictions are tested against several sets of published experimental data on bias dependent ideality factor and excess capacitance in various metal–semicoductor systems.     

Study of local lattice relaxation of substitutional impurities in silicon and germanium

Local lattice relaxation of substitutional donors in silicon investigated using self‐consistent multiple scattering Xα (MSXα) method within the framework of the standard muffin‐tin potential approximation is extended to substitutional donors in germanium and substitutional acceptors in both silicon and germanium. Incorporating the effect of lattice relaxation surrounding the impurity makes the model suitable for both shallow and deep levels. Chemical trends of some aspects of impurity states, such as local lattice relaxation and charge transfer, of the impurities both in silicon and germanium are inferred. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004     

Charge density fluctuation of low frequency in a dusty plasma

The charge density fluctuation of low frequency in a dusty plasma, which is derived from the longitudinal dielectric permittivity of the dusty plasma, has been studied by kinetic theory. The results show that theP value, which describes the relative charge density on the dust in the plasma, and the charging frequency of a dust particle Ω _c , which describes the ratio of charge changing of the dust particles, determine the character of the charge density fluctuation of low frequency. For a dusty plasma ofP≪1, when the charging frequency Ω _c , is much smaller than the dusty plasma frequency ω_d, there is a strong charge density fluctuation which is of character of dust acoustic eigenwave. For a dusty plasma ofP≫1, when the frequency Ω _c , is much larger than ω _d there are weaker fluctuations with a wide spectrum. The results have been applied to the ionosphere and the range of radius and density of dust particles is found, where a strong charge density fluctuation of low frequency should exist.     

聚能射流的断裂时间

从描述聚能射流失稳的一维近似方程出发，导出了聚能射流断裂时间的近似公式。这个近似公式定量显示了屈服应力、本构关系、粘度和径向收缩效应等对射流断裂时间的影响，在４个不同的特殊近似下，可以自然演化为近１０年来所发表的几个半经验解析公式，并且在合理的参数范围内，公式给出的断裂时间曲线覆盖了射流断裂时间的全部实验点。     

Charge plate technique in recoil study: Evidence for collection of recoil charged species from solid targets on metal electrodes

The occurrence of charge on recoil⁵⁶Mn produced by the (n,γ) reaction in polycrystalline potassium permanganate has been examined using the ‘charge plate technique’. From considerations of capture gamma ray decay schemes and internal conversion it appears that, in a condensed medium, the recoil atom develops charge after losing much of its initial kinetic energy which allows collection on charged electrodes. Preliminary findings were presented at the International Symposium on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry, RC-41 BARC, Bombay, Feb. 4–6 (1991).     

一维介观结链中电荷孤子的控制

研究了一维介观结链中的电势分布随各岛上门电压和电子数分布的变化关系,并发现在一个岛上加一个门电压会产生一个静电势孤子.通过调节门电压可以较好地控制静电势孤子的形状及其位置,从而达到对电荷孤子的有效控制. 关键词： 电荷孤子 介观结 单电荷隧穿     

Charge order and spin order in Nd_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Mn_(1-x)(Ga_x, Ti_x)O_3 system

Magnetic properties of Nd_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)Mn_(1-x)(Ga_x, Ti_x)O_3 system (0.04≤x≤0.4) were inves- tigated through magnetization and electron spin resonance (ESR) measurements. It was observed that a small amount of Ti substitution for Mn will destroy the charge-ordering (CO) phase completely and induce the cluster-spin-glass phase in the system, which displays a procedure of collapse of CO and of an enhancement of spin ordering (SO) phase. In contrast, the Ga substitution for Mn induces a melt- ing of CO phase in the system. It was observed that with substitution the CO phase is suppressed gradually and the remanent CO phase is retained all the while, and withal, there is a co-existence of AFM CO phase and FM SO at low temperature. In addition, an abrupt rise of magnetization was observed in M-T curves. We attributed this abnormal phenomenon to a transition from canted AFM SO to FM SO in CO region.     

草酰胺分子构型、稳定性、IR光谱及分子轨道的密度泛函与从头算研究

运用多种密度泛函理论 (DFT)和从头算 (abinitio)方法研究了草酰胺顺、反异构体的分子几何构型 ,结果表明Beck88交换函数与LYP非局域相关函数形成杂化的DFT方法B3LYP与MP2方法计算结果比较吻合。在此基础上选择B3LYP方法对草酰胺分子电子结构、红外光谱和前线分子轨道组成进行了系统研究 ;与实验事实对比分析了气态草酰胺分子中配位原子的反应活性