热阴极径向温度非均匀性对本征发射度的影响

从热发射理论出发,推导了非均匀发射阴极的均方根本征发射度的一般计算形式。针对一种最常见的温度径向分布近似模型,给出了均方根发射度随温度非均匀性变化趋势的理论数值解。基于有限差分法粒子仿真技术统计了热阴极的本征发射度,仿真结果与理论解一致,验证了非均匀发射热阴极本征均方根发射度一般形式的正确性。结果表明,径向温度非均匀性引起均方根发射度显著变化,非均匀系数为10%时引起均方根发射度下降约15%。本文建立的理论形式和仿真方法可以有效评估束流品质控制目标和工程热设计之间的依赖关系,以指导高效费比的工程设计。     

神龙二号热阴极注入器束流调试

神龙二号注入器是一台感应叠加型强流脉冲电子束源,采用热阴极工作模式,为神龙二号加速器提供间隔可调的三脉冲电子束。该注入器的束流调试采取PIC模拟和实验调试交互验证、互相促进的方式,先是通过束斑测量确定引导线圈磁场的加载范围,然后通过PIC方法逐级梳理阳极段束线各线圈的磁场配置,再通过束斑测量加以确认。通过这种束流调试方法,获得了保持束流脉冲平顶完整通过的三种磁场配置,以适应下游加速段束流传输的不同要求。讨论了影响束流调试效果的因素,认为提升神龙二号注入器性能的关键是进一步改进大面积热阴极发射的均匀性。     

紫外成像器件光电阴极封接焊料熔层缺陷对气密性的影响

为解决紫外成像器件光电阴极与管体封接漏气问题,对管体InSn合金熔化过程中出现的质量问题进行了深入分析,找出焊料熔层缺陷主要来源于对焊料除气不彻底和基底表面氧化及设备油污染。通过优化工艺参数,改进工艺质量和把化铟设备管体搁置焊料熔化改为浇铸熔化,使管体焊料熔化合格率达到了100%,光电阴极与管体封接气密性成品率达到98%。     

Effect of external magnetic field on critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in relativistic electron beams

In this Letter we research the space charge limiting current value at which the oscillating virtual cathode is formed in the relativistic electron beam as a function of the external magnetic field guiding the beam electrons. It is shown that the space charge limiting (critical) current decreases with growth of the external magnetic field, and that there is an optimal induction value of the magnetic field at which the critical current for the onset of virtual cathode oscillations in the electron beam is minimum. For the strong external magnetic field the space charge limiting current corresponds to the analytical relation derived under the assumption that the motion of the electron beam is one-dimensional [D.J. Sullivan, J.E. Walsh, E. Coutsias, in: V.L. Granatstein, I. Alexeff (Eds.), Virtual Cathode Oscillator (Vircator) Theory, in: High Power Microwave Sources, vol. 13, Artech House Microwave Library, 1987, Chapter 13]. Such behavior is explained by the characteristic features of the dynamics of electron space charge in the longitudinal and radial directions in the drift space at the different external magnetic fields.     

电磁波在大面积等离子体片中传播特性的分析

脉冲磁约束线形空心阴极放电形成的大面积等离子体片可应用于等离子体天线、隐身及模拟超音速飞行器表面的等离子体鞘套. 本文首次利用实测等离子体片电子密度时空分布和横向场传播矩阵法, 研究了电磁波在等离子体片中反射率、透射率、吸收率随频率及脉冲放电时间的变化特征. 结果表明: 极化方向平行磁场的电磁波, 在小于截止频率的低频带内具有较高的反射率和吸收率, 增大电流, 反射率增加, 吸收率下降, 在大于截止频率的高频带内反射率和吸收率较低, 增大电流, 透射率下降, 吸收率升高; 极化方向垂直磁场的电磁波在高混杂谐振频率附近存在吸收率明显增强的吸收带, 谐振吸收峰值与放电电流无关; 脉冲放电期间, 电磁波的反射率、透射率与吸收率由不稳定过渡到稳定的时间约为100 μs, 过渡时间随着放电电流的增加而增大, 极化方向垂直磁场、小于截止频率的电磁波在稳定放电阶段谐振吸收较强. 本文的研究成果对利用等离子体片实现对电磁波的稳定高反射作用具有重要意义.     

Simulation of Vacuum Microelectronic Triode Made of Single Carbon Nanotube

Vacuum microelectronic triode performance, based upon a unit cell with a nanotube field emitter, gate, and anode, was evaluated via computer simulation. Electron emission was calculated from the modified Fowler-Nordheim equation. The dependence of emitted current, upon geometrical factors, e.g., nanotube radius, nanotube height, and gate's hole radius, is shown. The device design parameters of trans-conductance, and cutoff frequency have been calculated, which show that this structure can be used as a microwave and millimeter wave amplifier. Electron current flux is shown for time-dependent 1–Thz sinusoidal variation frequency input.     

Investigation of unstable motion characteristics of vacuum arc cathode spots between transverse magnetic field contacts

With the improvement of the current level of power grids, the requirements of the opening level of the vacuum switches are also increasing. Vacuum arc cathode spots provide steam and electrons and, to a certain extent, determine the opening capacity of the vacuum switch. In this paper, a vacuum arc cathode spot research platform based on the de-mountable vacuum chamber is constructed. The characteristics of the vacuum arc cathode spots under the transverse magnetic field (TMF) contacts are assessed by a high-speed charge coupled device. The experimental results show that the cathode spot diffusion process can be divided into three processes through cathode spot distribution, arc voltage and current: initial diffusion stage of cathode spots, unstable motion stage of cathode spots, and extinguishing stage. The motion mode of cathode spots during unstable motion stage can be divided into cathode spots group stagnation (CSGS) to multi-cathode jet (MCJ) switch mode, cathode spots group motion (CSGM) to MCJ switch mode, CSGM mode, and MCJ mode. The effects of peak current and contact diameter on unstable motion mode were analysed.     

表面化学侵蚀改性富锂层状正极材料Li[Li0.2Mn0.54Ni0.13Co0.13]O2

采用3种不同pH值的去离子水,NH₄NO₃和H₂C₂O₄溶液对富锂层状正极材料Li[Li_0.2Mn_0.54Ni_0.13Co_0.13]O₂进行表面化学侵蚀改性,旨在改善其整体电化学性能。ICP结果表明pH值对材料中Li的析出具有显著影响。X射线衍射（XRD）表明表面化学侵蚀对材料的结构有影响。拉曼光谱（Raman spectroscopy）表明材料表面结构发生了变化。H₂C₂O₄溶液侵蚀过的样品的首次效率有了极大提高,但同时中值电压和循环性能显著恶化。NH₄NO₃溶液侵蚀过的样品的首次效率从63%提高到了85%,1C倍率下的放电比容量从149 mAh·g^-1提高到194 mAh·g^-1,同时保持了温和的中值电压变化曲线。通过高分辨透射电镜（HRTEM）,X射线光电子能谱（XPS）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）对改性机理进行了研究。     

高温固相法合成LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2及其性能研究

采用高温固相法合成出层状锂离子电池正极材料LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂。通过XRD、ICP、SEM和电化学测试手段对产物的结构、组成、形貌及电化学性能进行了研究。XRD结果表明此方法合成的LiNi_1/3Mn_1/3Co_1/3O₂具有标准的α-NaFeO₂型层状结构，SEM照片显示颗粒粒径大约在500 nm左右，粒径分布较窄。以20 mA·g^-1电流密度放电，充放电电压在2.8～4.4 V之间，其首次放电比容量为170 mAh·g^-1，40次循环容量保持率为85.3%。进一步加入石墨导电剂后，同样条件下首次放电比容量变为179 mAh·g^-1，50次循环容量保持率为89.6%。容量衰减主要发生在前10次循环。XRD和SEM测试表明循环初期容量衰减的原因是由材料本体结构变化和界面反应共同作用的结果。     

普鲁士蓝正极材料的离子交换法制备及电化学储钾性能

采用氯化钾(KCl)和钠基普鲁士蓝(NPB)材料Na2-xMn[Fe(CN)6]z·yH2O为原料,通过离子交换法制备了掺钠钾基普鲁士蓝(NKPB)材料K1.9Na0.1Mn[Fe(CN)6]·0.4H2O。电化学测试表明,与用传统共沉淀法制备的钾基普鲁士蓝(KPB)材料K1.85Mn[Fe(CN)6]0.98□0.02·0.7H2O(□代表[Fe(CN)6]空位)相比,采用离子交换法制备的NKPB具有更高的容量(0.1C首次放电容量达136.3 mAh·g^-1)、较好的循环稳定性(0.5C经过100次循环,容量保持率为96.1%)和优异的倍率性能(5C和10C容量分别为87.6和68.4 mAh·g^-1)。NKPB优异的电化学性能与其高的钾含量、完整的晶体结构、钠离子掺杂、纳米级的颗粒尺寸,以及独特的开放框架结构有关。