Novel chemical synthesis of polypyrrole thin film electrodes for supercapacitor application

Present investigation describes the cost-effective, novel and simple chemical synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy) thin films for supercapacitor application. These PPy films are characterized by different techniques such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The XRD pattern reveals the amorphous nature of PPy thin film, which is highly feasible for supercapacitors. Further, FTIR study confirms the formation of PPy. The surface morphological study exhibit the coverage of uniform and smooth morphology on thin film. The electrochemical supercapacitive properties of PPy thin films are evaluated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 0.5 M H₂SO₄ electrolyte, which exhibits the maximum specific capacitance of 329 Fg⁻¹ at the scan rate of 5 mV s⁻¹. Additionally, an equivalent series resistance (ESR) of PPy thin films is found to be 1.08 Ω using electrochemical impedance measurement.     

Preparation of Li2SnO3 and its application in lithium‐ion batteries

Tin‐based oxide Li₂SnO₃ has been synthesized by a hydrothermal route as negative material for lithium‐ion batteries. The microstructure and electrochemical properties of the as‐synthesized materials were investigated by some characterizations means and electrochemical measurements. The as‐synthesized Li₂SnO₃ is a porous rod, which is composed of many uniform and regular nano‐flakes with a size of 50–60 nm. Li₂SnO₃ also displays an electrochemical performance with high capacity and good cycling stability (510.2 mAh g^?1 after 50 cycles at a current density of 60 mA g^?1 between 0.0 V and 2.0 V verusus Li/Li⁺). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

卤化物固态电解质研究进展

全固态电池因其高能量密度和高安全性而成为具有发展前景的下一代储能技术。开发具有高室温离子电导率、优异化学/电化学稳定性、良好正/负极兼容性的固态电解质是实现全固态电池实用化的关键。卤化物固态电解质因其优异的电化学窗口、高正极稳定性、可接受的室温锂离子电导率等优势,受到了广泛的关注。本文通过对近年来卤化物电解质的相关研究进行总结,综述了该类电解质的组成、结构、离子传导路径及制备方法,并分析了金属卤化物电解质的电导率、稳定性特点,归纳了近年来该电解质在全固态电池中具有代表性的应用,并基于以上总结和分析,指出了卤化物固态电解质的研究难点及发展方向。     

基于三苯胺的荧光探针设计、合成与应用研究进展

螺旋桨结构的三苯胺荧光团既能作为强的电子供体,又能作为潜在的聚集诱导发光(AIE)骨架.同时,三苯胺衍生物很容易通过简单的反应进行结构修饰,如醛基、氨基、硼酸基、卤素、乙炔基等取代的三苯胺能够发生缩合反应或偶联反应等,进一步功能化.因此,功能性三苯胺类化合物被广泛用于太阳能电池、荧光染料、固态发光材料和荧光探针的分子设...     

Enhanced Property of Thin Cuprous Oxide Film Prepared through Green Synthetic Route

Thin cuprous oxide films have been prepared by chemical vapor deposition (pulsed spray evaporation-chemical vapor deposition) method without post-treatment. The synthesis ofcuprous oxide was produced by applying a water strategy effect. Then, the effect of water on the morphology, topology, structure, optical properties and surface composition of the obtained films has been comprehensively investigated. The results reveal that a pure phase of Cu₂O was obtained. The introduction of a small quantity of water in the liquid feedstock lowers the band gap energy from 2.16 eV to 2.04 eV. This finding was mainly related to the decrease of crystallite size due to the effect of water. The topology analyses, by using atomic force microscope, also revealed that surface roughness decreases with water addition, namely more uniform covered surface. Moreover, theoretical calculations based on density functional theory method were performed to understand the adsorption and reaction behaviors of water and ethanol on the Cu₂O thin film surface. Formation mechanism of the Cu₂O thin film was also suggested and discussed.     

Spherical Particles of Zirconia-Titania of Hexagonal Structure from a Neutral Amine Route

Through the sol–gel process, using the so-called neutral amine route, spherical particles of 1:1 zirconia–titania were synthesized from zirconium(IV) and titanium(IV) butoxides as well as 1,12-diaminododecane as precursor species. The obtained product exhibited a hexagonal structure, as determinated by X-ray diffraction data. The obtained material was also characterized by thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and surface area measurements. Despite the release of template molecules on heating, the spherical morphology was retained up to about 1200°C, at which the disruption of the spheres took place.     

溶剂热还原法制备蛋壳状碳材料

Eggshell-like carbon materials with high yields have been synthesized by a solvothermal route in a stainless steel autoclave using metallic zinc and absolute ethanol as starting materials. The products were characterized by X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD)， energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX)， Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The eggshell-like carbon spheres had diameters ranging from 500 nm to 1 μm. The optimal reaction conditions to obtain eggshell-like carbon materials were 600 ℃ and 12 h.     

An improved and practical route for the synthesis of enzalutamide and potential impurities study

An improved and practical synthesis of enzalutamide was accomplished in five steps. Starting from 4-bromo-2-fluoro-benzonic acid, a methyl esterification, Ullmann ligation, methyl esterification, ring closing reaction and final methyl amidation provided the target in 35% total yield with 99.8% purity. Five identified impurities were also synthesized. This efficient and economical procedure avoids the use of highly toxic reagents and multiple recrystallization operations, which is suitable for further industrialization.     

Kinetics and mechanism of reaction of cis-α,β-dinitrostilbene with morpholine

Reaction of cis-,-dinitrostilbene (substrate) with morpholine (reagent) in n-hexane leads to cis--nitro--morpholinostilbene (end product). The process is of first order with respect to the substrate and second order with respect to the reagent. Possible reaction mechanisms are analyzed, and it is established that the following are most probable on the basis of kinetic patterns and stereochemistry: development of a charge transfer complex having a hydrogen bond between the substrate nitro group and reagent amino group; reaction of the complex with a second reagent molecule and formation of a carbanion (this stage determines the overall reaction rate); and detachment of a nitrite ion from the nitrocarbanion and its protonation to form the end product.N. N. Semenov Institute of Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117977 Moscow. A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Heteroorganic Compound, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117813 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 1, pp. 78–83, January, 1992.     

衡量网络可靠性的新模型

本文分析了传统的网络可靠性优化设计方法所存在的问题 ,给出了网络的通信通路数的定义 ,并基于网络的通信通路数给出了更能反映网络运行的实际情况的网络可靠性的定量模型 ,从而解决了传统网络可靠性优化设计方法所存在的问题 .