Membrane capacitive deionization

Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an ion-removal process based on applying an electrical potential difference across an aqueous solution which flows in between oppositely placed porous electrodes, in front of which ion-exchange membranes are positioned. Due to the applied potential, ions are adsorbed in the electrodes and a product stream with a reduced salt concentration is obtained. Including the membranes in the process has two advantages: first, they block co-ions from leaving the electrodes, thereby increasing the salt removal efficiency of the process, and second, when during ion release a reversed voltage is used, counterions can be more fully flushed from the electrode region, thereby increasing the driving force for ion removal in the next cycle. Here we present pilot-plant experimental data for salt removal in MCDI as function of inlet ionic strength and flow rate. In the subsequent stage of ion release the flow rate is temporarily reduced to zero and the voltage sign reversed. This “stop-flow” operation mode results in a small and concentrated product stream. We present a theoretical process model for MCDI which describes the time-dependent electric current and effluent ion concentration, both during the deionization stage and during the subsequent stage of ion release. The process model describes the MCDI cell as a number of stirred volumes placed in-series, and includes the transport resistance of the ion-exchange membrane and of the stagnant diffusion layer in front of the membrane. Ion storage in the electrodes is described according to the equilibrium Gouy–Chapman–Stern model for the electrostatic double layer.     

微型化频率选择表面的设计研究

利用容性表面与感性表面之间的耦合机理能够制备微型化频率选择表面(MEFSS),周期单元尺寸将不受工作波长限制.为了提高MEFSS角度与极化的稳定性,展宽MEFSS的-3 dB带宽,文章结合传统频率选择表面"Y"形单元,利用"Y"图形构造容性表面的贴片单元与感性表面的网栅单元且以正三角形栅格拓展周期单元,采用矢量模匹配法对MEFSS栅格排布及其他结构参数变化进行精确计算.通过镀膜与光刻技术在0.15 mm厚聚酰亚胺膜两侧制备容性表面、感性表面并利用自由空间法测试.计算与实验结果均表明,采用正三角形栅格排布的MEFSS,-3 dB带宽达到7.6 GHz,不同极化下60°扫描时中心频点稳定在f₀,为MEFSS应用于曲面天线罩时提供理论与实验参考依据. 关键词： 天线罩 微型化频率选择表面 容性表面 感性表面     

同轴电缆抗电磁干扰性能实验

利用自制实验装置，研究了同轴电缆的电容耦合频率特性、电容耦合屏蔽效果、电感耦合屏蔽效果．     

Investigation of Different Input-Matching Mechanisms Used in Wide-Band LNA Design

This paper analyzes different input-matching mechanisms used in designing the wide-band amplifiers in general, and the low noise amplifiers (LNA) in particular, and their corresponding noise impact. Among them, the most promising one is the reactive-feedback circuit configuration, which is a combination of high-frequency inductive feedback and low frequency capacitive feedback. In this paper the simulated result that both matched input impedance and low noise temperature T_n can be achieved simultaneously over a wide bandwidth in the single-ended low noise amplifier is proved mathematically and is well interpreted. This understanding of reactive feedback is crucial for the future development of ultra-wide-band low-noise amplifiers.     

基于ZigBee和STM32L的罐车液位监控系统设计

针对传统碳硫分析仪单片机控制频繁出现通信中断及接口单一的情况,以TMS320F2806数字信号处理器作为主控单元,设计了24位高精度ADS1224芯片模数转换电路、CH376 USB通讯电路以及W5500以太网通讯电路。在CCS2.0环境实现了TMS320F2806处理器对各功能模块的SPI程序控制。调用CH376 API函数、Socket套接字编程在VC++6.0平台分别测试了USB与以太网双接口数据传输性能。结果表明TMS320F2806与各功能模块电路设计准确、时序控制有效。数据分析的准确性与精密性可以满足在工业环境下铁基合金中碳量与硫量的测定。     

基于容栅位移传感器的管路堵塞监测系统设计

现有的氮磷营养盐原位监测仪存在不足,其进样管路在受污染的水体中容易被堵塞,针对此问题提出了一种基于容栅位移传感器的管路堵塞监测系统。通过容栅位移传感器采集位移信号,经过滑动滤波以后输入STM32单片机处理,对数据分析处理后得到管路形变特征参数,进而判断管路堵塞状态,并启动滤膜更换装置更换过滤膜,排除堵塞保证机器顺利运行。系统测试和实验结果表明:容栅测位移法在非介入式管路堵塞测量中完全可行,为小管径胶管的在线堵塞检测提供了一种新的方法。     

Enhanced electrical and mass transfer characteristics of acid-treated carbon nanotubes for capacitive deionization

Capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted significant attention for the next generation water treatment due to its low energy consumption and environment friendly properties in comparison to widely established methods. For CDI technology to move forward, however, the development of carbon electrodes having superb electrosorption behavior is essential. In this study, we demonstrate the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) via acid treatment shows enhanced electrochemical characteristics and effectively improves the wettability of the acid-treated CNTs (a-CNTs) via the addition of oxygen functional groups, leading to a higher electric double layer capacitance. Furthermore, defect formation in a-CNTs increases the conductivity and decreases the mass transfer resistance during CDI operation. CDI measurements confirmed a 270% increase in performance of a-CNTs in contrast to pristine CNTs (p-CNTs), attributable to the improved characteristics outlined above.     

由微孔棒状羟基磷灰石为模板合成的新型层次孔炭材料的电化学电容性能

电化学电容器已经成为极具潜力的可满足高功率需求的储能系统器件. 多孔炭具有大比表面积、高导电性、化学惰性、廉价及可调孔结构等优势, 因此成为电化学电容器最为常用的电极材料. 本文报道由微孔棒状羟基磷灰石为模板及蔗糖为碳源合成的新型具有层次孔道结构的孔炭材料的电化学电容器的性能. 采用X射线衍射分析仪、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、X射线光电子能谱及BET表面分析仪表征了合成的多孔炭的形貌及表面特性. 采用循环伏安法、交流阻抗图谱分析及恒流充放电评价多孔炭材料在1 mol·L^-1硫酸中的电化学电容性能. 多孔炭具有高的比表面积(719.7 m²·g^-1)和大的孔容(1.32 cm³·g^-1), 其无序的孔道由任意分布的微孔、坍塌的中孔及类模板形状的相互交织的棒状中孔组成. 随着炭化温度的增加, 微孔及棒状中孔的密度随之降低, 在炭化温度高达900℃时, 孔径分布图上出现了三个峰. 正是由于这些特殊的结构特征, 由900℃炭化得到的多孔炭制成的电极展示出很好的电化学电容性能.     

石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料的制备及其在铅酸电池中的电化学性能

利用简单的浸渍法制备了石墨烯/硫酸铅复合材料,使得硫酸铅可以直接用作铅酸电池负极材料。该复合材料分别以100 mA.g-1、200 mA.g-1和300 mA.g-1电流密度放电时,平均放电比容量分别可达到110、94和69 mAh.g-1,而硫酸铅仅为49、5和0.5 mAh.g-1,显示出复合材料在高倍率充放电下更好的比容量和再接受充电能力。循环伏安测试表明石墨烯的电容效应随扫描速率增大而增强,同时析氢也变得严重,使得复合材料在充放电过程中充电效率比纯硫酸铅低20%。在充放电过程中,石墨烯能够提高硫酸铅1倍以上的放电容量,并将充电电压提高0.1 V。XRD和SEM结果显示硫酸铅均匀分布在石墨烯片层上,没有出现团聚现象。