高回收率膜法苦咸水淡化工艺的应用研究进展

膜法苦咸水淡化过程中,符合环境保护要求的浓排水处理方法成本高昂,所以只有当回收率达到较高值时,在实际运行中才具有经济可行性。目前,在不加剧膜污染的条件下进一步提高苦咸水淡化系统回收率的方法已成为该领域研究热点。本文详细综述了高回收率膜法苦咸水淡化工艺的应用研究进展,包括基于反渗透、纳滤、正渗透、膜蒸馏、电渗析和电容去离子化淡化工艺过程,以及这些过程面临的热点问题,并对此提出了建议。     

Brine-Mediated Efficient Benzoylation of Primary Amines and Amino Acids

Benzoylation of primary amines and amino acids is efficiently carried out in a brine solution using a stoichiometric amount of benzoyl chloride followed by trituration with aqueous saturated bicarbonate solution.     

当雄错盐湖卤水提钾盐田日晒工艺扩大试验研究

西藏现代钾锂硼特种盐湖的钾盐开发将对我国钾盐需求形成有利补充。本文首次采用蒸发结晶、分步分离的方法,进行了当雄错盐湖碳酸盐型卤水提钾多级盐田日晒工艺扩大试验研究。通过对卤水蒸发析盐全过程做化学分析和物料衡算,确定了钾、硼等重要无机元素的成盐类型和析盐阶段,以及锂、铷等稀有元素的富集规律,最终获得了较高品位钾混盐和高浓母卤,并取得了大量第一手数据资料,为今后实现当雄错盐湖卤水钾盐资源的产业化开发提供了切实可靠的中试基础和设计参考。     

网状骨架CVD生长碳纳米管用于重盐水脱盐

目前,太阳能海水淡化领域通过光子管理、纳米尺度热调控、开发新型光热转换材料、设计高效光吸收太阳能蒸馏器等方法实现了界面太阳能驱动蒸汽生成,这种绿色、可持续的脱盐技术已成为近年来的研究热点。碳基材料如碳纳米管、石墨烯、炭黑、石墨等都有涵盖整个太阳光光谱的光吸收能力,是一类新型的光热转换材料。本文通过对材料进行微结构设计,使用化学气相沉积(CVD)技术,在不锈钢网状骨架上生长碳纳米管形成光热转换活性区,以实现高效光吸收、光热转换,并进一步设计了房屋型太阳能蒸发器,其中盐水表面被微米网状-碳纳米管蒸发膜覆盖,利用光热转换过程产生的热量驱动重盐水中的水蒸发产生水蒸气,最后对水蒸气进行冷凝回收实现脱盐。实验结果表明,当光照强度为1个太阳光(1 kW·m~(-2))时,膜表面温度迅速升高并稳定于84.37°C,对于重盐水(100 g·L~(-1) NaCl)的脱盐率达到99.92%,可实现稳定持续的重盐水脱盐。这种方法可用于构建多孔界面光热转换脱盐系统,对设计界面光蒸汽转化膜材料及器件,实现规模化海水淡化具有重要的意义。     

Porosity variations in saline media caused by temperature gradients coupled to multiphase flow and dissolution/precipitation

We present a theoretical-numerical investigation of porosity variations induced by temperature gradients in unsaturated saline media. It is known that temperature variations cause humidity variations which lead to liquid flow towards and vapour flow away from the hot source. When this phenomenon occurs in saline media, the liquid is salt saturated brine, so that evaporation causes salt precipitation and an ensuing porosity reduction. Condensation of water causes salt dissolution and porosity increase. This process may be important in the case of heat generating waste because it suggests that selfsealing may take place near the waste. On the other hand, salt mass balance will lead to porosity increases in other zones.     

Selectivity of a Lithium‐Recovery Process Based on LiFePO4

The demand for lithium will increase in the near future to 713,000 tonnes per year. Although lake brines contribute to 80% of the production, existing methods for purification of lithium from this source are expensive, slow, and inefficient. A novel electrochemical process with low energy consumption and the ability to increase the purity of a brine solution to close to 98% with a single‐stage galvanostatic cycle is presented.     

Rapid and controlled transformation of nitrate in water and brine by stabilized iron nanoparticles

Highly reactive zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles stabilized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were tested for reduction of nitrate in fresh water and brine. Batch kinetic tests showed that the pseudo first-order rate constant (k _obs) with the stabilized nanoparticles was five times greater than that for non-stabilized counterparts. The stabilizer not only increased the specific surface area of the nanoparticles, but also increased the reactive particle surface. The allocation between the two reduction products, NH₄ ⁺ and N₂, can be manipulated by varying the ZVI-to-nitrate molar ratio and/or applying a Cu–Pd bimetallic catalyst. Greater CMC-to-ZVI ratios lead to faster nitrate reduction. Application of a 0.05 M HEPES buffer increased the k _obs value by 15 times compared to that without pH control. Although the presence of 6% NaCl decreased k _obs by 30%, 100% nitrate was transformed within 2 h in the saline water. The technology provides a powerful alternative for treating water with concentrated nitrate such as ion exchange brine.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定天然卤水中锶

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定天然卤水中锶的含量。选择波长216.579 nm为锶的分析线,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.01mg·L~(-1)。方法用于天然卤水样品的分析,测定值与火焰原子吸收光谱法的测定值相符,加标回收率在95.9%～102.0%之间,在5个浓度水平上加入锶标准溶液做精密度试验,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=12)在0.43%～3.3%之间。     

盐湖卤水萃取提锂及其机理研究

本文以磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为萃取剂,煤油为稀释剂,在FeCl₃存在的条件下,选择性萃取盐湖卤水中的锂。系统研究了相比、萃取剂组成、铁锂比等对锂萃取率的影响,及洗涤、反萃取工艺条件。得到最佳工艺条件为：萃取相比V_O/V_A为1.5,TBP质量分数为75%,c_Fe³⁺/c_Li⁺=2,c_H⁺=0.02 mol·L^-1,萃取时间为20 min;洗涤相比V_O/V_A为15;反萃取相比V_O/V_A为20。并运用红外与核磁方法分析研究,表明是TBP上的P=O双键与LiFeCl₄金属配合物的配位水分子产生氢键作用而使金属配合物与TBP结合。