A spectral transfer procedure for application of a single class-model to spectra recorded by different near-infrared spectrometers for authentication of olives in brine

Analytical methods for confirmation of food authenticity claims should be rapid, economic, non-destructive and should not require highly skilled personnel for their deployment. All such conditions are satisfied by spectroscopic techniques. In order to be extensively implemented in routine controls, an ideal method should also give a response independent of the particular equipment used. In the present study, near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy was used for verifying authenticity of commercial olives in brine of cultivar Taggiasca. Samples were analysed in two laboratories with different NIR spectrometers and a mathematical spectral transfer correction – the boxcar signal transfer (BST) – was developed, allowing to minimise the systematic differences existing between signals recorded with the two instruments. Class models for the verification of olive authenticity were built by the unequal dispersed classes (UNEQ) method, after data compression by disjoint principal component analysis (PCA). Models were validated on an external test set.     

Selective adsorption and separation of Cs(I) from salt lake brine by a novel surface magnetic ion-imprinted polymer

A new Cs(I) magnetic ion-imprinted polymer (Cs(I)-MIIP) aimed at the selective adsorption and separation of Cs(I) from salt lake brine was prepared. The Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ was used as supporter, Cs(I) as template ion, and carboxymethyl chitosan as functional monomer. The product was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra, XRD, energy-dispersive spectrometry, scanning electron microcopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and vibrating sample magnetometer. The adsorption of the Cs(I)-MIIP in solution was investigated, which indicated the maximum adsorption capacity was 36.15?mg·g^?1 under the optimum conditions. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the Freundlich isotherm model were applied to predict the adsorption process of Cs(I) onto Cs(I)-MIIP. Selectivity experiments showed that the relative selectivity coefficient (k′) were 24.995, 1.73, 1.43, 4.83, and 1.63 to Cs(I)/Li(I), Cs(I)/Na(I), Cs(I)/K(I), Cs(I)/Rb(I), and Cs(I)/Sr(II) binary solutions, higher than those of NIP, respectively. Furthermore, the Cs(I)-MIIP was successfully applied to the enrichment and separation of Cs(I) from the salt lake brine of Qinghai, with satisfactory Cs(I) recovery rates.     

富钾卤水成因探讨及绿豆岩中钾元素浸出特性

为探讨四川盆地卤水中钾元素的来源,提出了卤水中钾元素来源之一是原始沉积水溶滤绿豆岩中的钾元素的可能性.并将峨眉山龙门洞绿豆岩作为岩石样品,通过模拟实验,将相同的岩石样品装配在不同盐度的浸出液中,通过盐度、温度、时间的不同,得出峨眉山绿豆岩中钾的浸出率并将浸出率进行比对.结果表明,绿豆岩中的钾可以被浸出,进而证明了四川盆...     

硼在油田卤水蒸发过程中的特殊结晶行为研究

青海南翼山油田卤水是高钙含硼盐卤体系,蒸发过程中硼的行为与已往报道的高镁含硼盐卤体系有较大不同,蒸发过程中不外加试剂就可自然结晶析出硼酸。研究分析证明,油田卤水体系硼的特殊结晶行为与体系pH值变化密切相关。     

Minerals successions crystallisation related to tunisian natural brines

Natural brines sampled from Sebkhats in southern part of Tunisia are considered to be seawater‐type solutions. The equilibrium solubility of this kind of solutions might be described by the fivefold seawatertype system Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^‐, SO₄^2‐ // H₂O. The crystallisation sequences of salts, observed under solar evaporation, of two different Tunisians brines is discussed. Very important differences between the foreseeable results, based on the Equilibrium Solubility Diagram at 25 °C, and the experimental ones are settled. An attempt to explain the differences, based on the so‐called “solar sequences” as well as the “solar diagram” of evaporation, is made. (© 2004 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Effects of Drying Techniques on Phytochemical Contents and Biological Activities on Selected Bamboo Leaves

The therapeutic potential of bamboos has acquired global attention. Nonetheless, the biological activities of the plants are rarely considered due to limited available references in Sabah, Malaysia. Furthermore, the drying technique could significantly affect the retention and degradation of nutrients in bamboos. Consequently, the current study investigated five drying methods, namely, sun, shade, microwave, oven, and freeze-drying, of the leaves of six bamboo species, Bambusa multiplex, Bambusa tuldoides, Bambusa vulgaris, Dinochloa sublaevigata, Gigantochloa levis, and Schizostachyum brachycladum. The infused bamboo leaves extracts were analysed for their total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC). The antioxidant activities of the samples were determined via the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, whereas their toxicities were evaluated through the brine shrimp lethality assay (BSLA). The chemical constituents of the samples were determined using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The freeze-drying method exhibited the highest phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity yield, excluding the B. vulgaris sample, in which the microwave-dried sample recorded the most antioxidant and phytochemical levels. The TPC and TFC results were within the 2.69 ± 0.01–12.59 ± 0.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g and 0.77 ± 0.01–2.12 ± 0.01 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/g ranges, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS IC₅₀ (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) were 2.92 ± 0.01–4.73 ± 0.02 and 1.89–0.01 to 3.47 ± 0.00 µg/mL, respectively, indicating high radical scavenging activities. The FRAP values differed significantly between the drying methods, within the 6.40 ± 0.12–36.65 ± 0.09 mg Trolox equivalent (TE)/g range. The phytochemical contents and antioxidant capacities exhibited a moderate correlation, revealing that the TPC and TFC were slightly responsible for the antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment of the bamboo extracts in the current study demonstrated no toxicity against the BSLA based on the LC₅₀ (lethal concentration 50) analysis at >1000 µg/mL. LC-MS analysis showed that alkaloid and pharmaceutical compounds influence antioxidant activities, as found in previous studies. The acquired information might aid in the development of bamboo leaves as functional food items, such as bamboo tea. They could also be investigated for their medicinal ingredients that can be used in the discovery of potential drugs.     

The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by plasma spectrometry

The determination of phosphonate base scale inhibitors in brines by direct current plasma (DCP) and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) is described. The first method is based on a direct nebulization of the brine samples and plasma using the phosphorus line at 213.618 nm. The second method involves extraction of phosphorus as phospho-antimonyl molybdate complex into methylisobutyl ketone (MIBK) phase and analysis of the extract for molybdenum using the Mo 313.260 nm line. Comparison between the proposed methods and an established recommended method [1] shows excellent agreement between the results in addition to the sensitivity and ease of automation provided by AES.     

HPLC determination of non-ionic surfactants used in tertiary oil recovery

Summary Having developed a chromatographic technique with a diol bonded phase for the study of the distribution versus ethylene oxide number (E.O.) for various non-ionic polyoxyethylated surfactants used in enhanced oil recovery (KL 6, ; KM 11, and KM 20, ) we report here the titration of one of these surfactants (KL 6) in the presence of an ionic surfactant (S 385, sulfonated petroleum fraction) and other non-ionic surfactants (KM 11 and/or KM 20) which are the conditions found in enhanced oil recovery. This work has been carried out in brine and in n-decane, as a model for the petroleum phase. Obviously in the case of aqueous phases it was necessary to carry out a thorough dehydration before the chromatographic analyses. We have shown that it is possible, under these conditions, to determine the KL 6 surfactant in the concentration range 500 to 6000 ppm with a precision of 70 ppm without experiencing interference from KM 11 or KM 20 non-ionic surfactants or S 385 ionic surfactant. Furthermore, from some of the samples studied which were in contact with the rock shale, we showed that strong adsorption of the KL 6 occurs. Chromatographic analyses show that this surfactant is only desorbed from the rock shale when employing a non-ionic surfactant such as KM 25 which is much more polar than the KL 6.     

Isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of hederacine A and B, two unique alkaloids from Glechoma hederaceae

Preparative HPLC purification of a methanol extract of the aerial parts of Glechoma hederaceae has yielded two unique alkaloids, hederacine A (1) and hederacine B (2). The structures of these compounds were established unequivocally by UV, IR, MS and a series of 1D and 2D NMR analyses. These alkaloids were inactive against any of the 11 bacterial species at test concentrations, but showed prominent toxicity in the brine shrimp lethality assay (LC₅₀s=3.2, 14.0 and 2.7 μg/mL, respectively, for 1, 2 and the positive control, podophyllotoxin).     

阳离子交换树脂分离-电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)法测定盐湖卤水中偏硅酸含量

由于盐湖卤水中盐分浓度不同且盐度较高,采用常规分析方法很难准确测定。本方法采用将盐湖卤水稀释5倍,加入6g阳离子交换树脂,静态交换1.5h,除去卤水中的大量阳离子后,选择Si 251.611nm为分析谱线,以Y371.030nm谱线作为内标进行信号漂移校正,用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪测定卤水中偏硅酸的含量。在最佳实验条件下进行测试,该校准曲线的线性范围为0.50～200.00mg/L,所得回归方程的线性关系良好(γ≥0.9994)。本方法检出限为0.16mg/L,结果相对标准偏差(RSD,n=12)为1.79%~4.64%,加标回收率为96.3%~101.7%。同时采用紫外-可见分光光度法对偏硅酸含量进行仪器比对,两种测试结果不存在显著性差异,表明该方法具有良好的准确度。通过此方法,可以快速准确测定盐湖卤水中偏硅酸的含量,为提高盐湖资源的综合利用提供了可靠的数据支撑