虚实融合的生物制药实验教学设计

分析了制约生物制药实验教学的主要因素和构建虚拟实验教学的可行性。针对目前生物制药实验教学存在的不足,提出了一种虚实结合的生物制药实验教学模式,以3D MAX和Unity 3D为工具构建虚拟现实（virtual reality,VR）实验教学模型,实现了虚拟实验辅助支持和虚拟实验操作交互模式,将该虚拟现实实验教学模型融入在线实验与真实实验教学中,并对该模式的教学效果进行评价分析。     

Individual bottle brush molecules in dense 2D layers restoring high degree of extension after collapse-decollapse cycle: Directly measured scaling exponent

We prepared dense films of adsorbed brush-like macromolecules on mica substrate by transfer of compressed Langmuir monolayers from water subphase. The main macromolecular contours in the dense films were clearly resolved by SFM. The films were subjected to successive treatments by ethanol and water vapours. In accordance with previous results for isolated macromolecules, the films underwent collapse and subsequent decollapse morphological transformations in the changing vapour environment. Statistical analysis of the macromolecular dimensions in the films allowed us to measure the values of the scaling exponent determining the correlation between mean lateral and linear dimensions of the macromolecules. The analysis showed that the macromolecular conformations in the film as transferred were similar to the previously described conformations of the same macromolecules deposited directly on mica as isolated chains at much lower surface densities. The determined was close to the 0.75 value corresponding to the 2D SAW statistics. We assumed that the molecules retained the high degree of extension during the compression step due to suppressed reorganisation of the side chains. Differently from previous observations for isolated macromolecules, the restored conformations in the dense films after collapse-decollapse cycle were more extended with the of about 0.73 value. A theoretical explanation of the high degree of re-extension is proposed.     

Quinoxaline Moiety: A Potential Scaffold against Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Background. The past decades have seen numerous efforts to develop new antitubercular agents. Currently, the available regimens are lengthy, only partially effective, and associated with high rates of adverse events. The challenge is therefore to develop new agents with faster and more efficient action. The versatile quinoxaline ring possesses a broad spectrum of pharmacological activities, ensuring considerable attention to it in the field of medicinal chemistry. Objectives. In continuation of our program on the pharmacological activity of quinoxaline derivatives, this review focuses on potential antimycobacterial activity of recent quinoxaline derivatives and discusses their structure—activity relationship for designing new analogs with improved activity. Methods. The review compiles recent studies published between January 2011 and April 2021. Results. The final total of 23 studies were examined. Conclusions. Data from studies of quinoxaline and quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxide derivatives highlight that specific derivatives show encouraging perspectives in the treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the recent growing interest for these scaffolds. These interesting results warrant further investigation, which may allow identification of novel antitubercular candidates based on this scaffold.     

Bell Peppers (Capsicum annum L.) Losses and Wastes: Source for Food and Pharmaceutical Applications

Currently, the high added-value compounds contained in plant by-products and wastes offer a wide spectrum of opportunities for their reuse and valorization, contributing to the circular economy. The bell pepper (Capsicum annum L.) is an exotic vegetable with high nutritional value that, after processing, leaves wastes (peel, seeds, and leaves) that represent desirable raw material for obtaining phytochemical compounds. This review summarizes and discusses the relevant information on the phytochemical profile of bell peppers and their related biological properties as an alternative to revalorize losses and wastes from bell peppers for their application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Bell pepper fruits, seeds, and leaves contain bioactive compounds (phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, tocopherol, and pectic polysaccharides) that exhibit antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, immunosuppressive and immunostimulant properties, and antidiabetic, antitumoral and neuroprotective activities, and have a potential use as functional food additives. In this context, the revalorization of food waste is positioned as a technological and innovative research area with beneficial effects for the population, the economy, and the environment. Further studies are required to guarantee the safety use of these compounds and to understand their mechanisms of action.     

基于粗糙集的指标体系优化及评价方法研究

粗糙集方法能客观、有效地对有限指标数据进行挖掘,通过属性约简剔除冗余指标,并根据属性重要度生成指标权重,系统地探讨了利用粗糙集进行指标体系优化和综合评价的全过程思路及方法,并通过同行评议专家科技信用评价实例,验证了方法的实用性.     

Über die Bestrahlung von Gretreidestroh mit energiereicher Strahlung (1. Mitt.)

In der Welt fallen jährlich ca. 2 Milliarden t Getreidestroh an, die nur partiell für die Fütterung genutzt werden, weil seine Verdaulichkeit gering ist. Durch verschiedene chemische und physikalische Methoden ist seit den neunziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts versucht worden, die Verdaulichkeit des Strohs zu erhöhen (Übersicht Flachowsky [1]). 1962 berichteten Pritchard u. a. [2] über den Aufschlußeffekt von Gamma-Strablen bei Stroh.     

Biological Characteristics of 131I Labelled Bromsulphophthalein

Biological properties of bromsulphophthalein labelled with ¹³¹I (BSP¹³¹I) were investigated on experimental animals. Maximum activity was found in the tissue of healthy liver shortly after injection of the preparation. Forms of BSP¹³¹ I excreted through bile were analyzed chromatographically. It has been proved by the obtained radiochromatograms that the greatest part of activity is concentratd in the form of free BSP¹³¹ I while the activity found in the conjugated form ist considerably lower.     

MS-Untersuchung der Leberfunktion mit 15NH3

Dose response curves for lymphocyte chromosome aberration frequencies using X- and gamma radiations became an important and reliable indicators as biological dosimeters especially in radiation accidents and professional over exposures. Nowadays electron beams therapy are frequently used for their advantages in cases of tumours under or near to the body surface. Dose-response curves for these electron beams are rarely published. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes were in vitro irradiated with various low and high doses (0.1 Gy to 4.9 Gy) of 18 MeV electron beam to utilize such a dose-response curve using chromosome aberration frequencies as a biological marker. Then we compared this biological curve with physically obtained curves normally used in planning for radiotherapy treatment. It is interesting to find a significant difference between both of them. The biological curve is generally higher in value and that the aberrations induced by 93% of a dose is significantly higher and deeper in site than those aberrations induced by the 100% dose calculated physically. If the above observation is confirmed by detailed studies, it would be of importance to the radiotherapist to plan for isodose curves according to biological determinations.

Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven der Mutationsraten von Lymphozyten Chromosomen bei dcr Anwendung von Röntgen- und Gammastrahlen sind wichtige und verläβliche Indikatoren in Form von biologischen Dosimetern, insbesondere bei Strahlenunfällen und bei berufsbedingten Überbestrahlungen. Gegenwärtig werden häufig auch Elektronenstrahlen wegen ihrer Vorteile bei der Therapie von Tumoren unter oder in der Nähe der Körperoberfläche eingesetzt. Dosis- Wirkungs-Kurven für diese Elektronenstrahlen werden nur selten veröffentlicht. Peripherisehe Bhutlymphozyten des Menschen wurden in vitro mit verschiedenen niedrigen und hohen Dosen (0,1 Gy … 4,9 Gy) von IS MeV-Elektronen bestrahlt, um solche Dosis-Wirkungs-Kurven als biologische Anzeiger für die Chromosomen Mutationsraten zu erhalten. Wir haben dann diese biologische Kurve mit physikalisch erhaltenen Kurven verglichen, die normalerweise bei der Planung radiotherapeutischer Behandlungsmaβnahmen verwendet werden. Es ist interessant festzustellen, daβ zwischen diesen beiden Kurven signifikante Unterschiede bestehen. Die biologische Kurve ist im allgemeinen in ihren Werten hölier und die induzierten Mutationsraten bei 93% einer Dosis sind signifikant höher und tiefer am Ort als jene induzierten Mutationsraten, die durch einer 100%ige Dosis physikalisch berechnet wurde. Sollte sich diese Beobachtung durch weitere dedaillierte Studien erhärten, so ist dies von groβer Bedeutung für Radiotherapeuten, die Isodosenkurven nach biologischen Bestimmungen zu planen haben.     

α-NH2 Determination from Biological Infrared Spectra

The use of Mid-infrared spectroscopy for the analysis of food products has only recently developped with the advent of Fourier Transformed spectroscopy and other techniques like Attenuated Total Reflectance, diffused reflection combined to the use of powerful micro-computers. We have recently reported to use a combination of multidimensional statistical analysis and Mid-FTIR spectroscopy for the quantitative determination of sugars in a biological sample. In this paper we have evaluated the use of such a method for the quantitative measurement of α-amino groups from ammo-acids, peptides and proteins. The spectral region where the characteristic absorption bands of such groups are located, ranges between 1200 cm-1 and 1900 cm-1. Water features a major absorption band in this region (1500–1700 cm-1). This superimpose with amide I and II bands.

The standard deviation for each and every wavelength, calculated for all the spectra of the calibration set, show the existence of two absorption bands in the 1500–1900 cm-1 region which means that the observed variations in this zone are not only due to water but are also due to two peaks centered at 1650 cm-1 and 1540 cm-1 (with a hollow at 1600 cm-1) that are characteristic of protids.

The contribution of the first four axes of the PCA, axes 5, 1, 4 and 2, to the total inertia percentage are 2. 37%, 53. 36%, 3. 92% and 28. 82% respectively. The correlation coefficient between the major axis, axis 5, and the chemical values of α-NH₂ is 0. 311 and the second axis, axis 1, increases this value to 0. 541. The first 10 axes were used to establish the prediction equation; the correlation coefficient value is very high: 0. 978.

Good predictions were obtained; mean and standard deviation associated to the predicted concentrations of α-NH₂content, valued 0 g/ml and 0. 12 g/ml respectively. Hence, we have established the possibility of determining, from a MIR spectra, the α-NH₂ content.