钾霞石固体碱催化豆油酯化反应制备生物柴油

采用共沉淀法制备了钾霞石,用于催化豆油和甲醇酯化反应,在煅烧温度1 200℃,得到单一的钾霞石物相.钾霞石表面多孔,孔径分布为0.2到1.0 μm,有利于反应物分子的内扩散和接触活性位;同时对反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量以及催化剂Li含量进行了系统研究.反应温度120 ℃,醇油摩尔比12:1,反应时间2 min,催化...     

Two-step preparation for catalyst-free biodiesel fuel production

Biodiesel fuel was prepared by a two-step reaction: hydrolysis and methyl esterification. Hydrolysis was carried out at a subcritical state of water to obtain fatty acids from triglycerides of rapeseed oil, while the methyl esterification of the hydrolyzed products of triglycerides was treated near the supercritical methanol condition to achieve fatty acid methyl esters. Consequently, the two-step preparation was found to convert rapessed oil to fatty acid methyl esters in considerably shorter reaction time and milder reaction condition than the direct supercritical methanol treatment. The optimum reaction condition in this two-step preparation was 270°C and 20 min for hydrolysis and methyl esterification, respectively. Variables affecting the yields in hydrolysis and methyl esterification are discussed.     

Biopolymer Synthesized by Strains of Xanthomonas sp Isolate from Brazil Using Biodiesel-Waste

The future supplies and usage of glycerol are expected to increase as biodiesel plants increase production, and the output will greatly outpace demand. Biodiesel production has already had a significant impact on the price of refined glycerol. A major concern of glycerol producers is the reduced price of glycerol resulting from the increased production of biodiesel. Some alternative uses for this glycerol that have been investigated are substrates for fermentation process or the production of biosurfactants, fatty acids, biopolymers, and others products. This work had as objective to evaluate two strains of Xanthomonas sp isolate from Brazil for xanthan gum in orbital agitator, analizing the apparent viscosity of aqueous solutions and selecting viscosity. The experiments of xanthan gum production were realized in orbital agitator with 120 rpm agitation, for cells production, and 180rpm, for biopolymer production, under a 28 °C temperature. The rheology of the fermentation broth was analyzed by apparent viscosity and the polymer was recovered with ethanol (1:3, v/v). After its recovery, the productivity evaluation was performed. The productivity were 0.157 and 0.363 gL⁻¹ for C1 and 0.186 and 0.363 gL⁻¹ for C9 to media glycerol or glycerol and sucrose, respectively. The viscosity analysis was performed for aqueous solutions 3%, at 25 °C, the best apparent viscosity was obtained using gum synthesized with glycerol and sucrose (50:50) at 25 °C, 143 mPa.s⁻¹ from Xanthomonas sp C1.     

镁铁水滑石的制备及其对小球藻油脂合成生物柴油的催化性能

用改良尿素法制备了镁铁水滑石(MgFe-LDH),对其在小球藻油脂合成生物柴油反应中的催化性能进行了研究。利用XRD、FT-IR、SEM及FT-IR拟合、去卷积分析等技术对所制备的MgFe-LDH进行了表征,考察了pH值、Mg/Fe摩尔比、反应温度和时间对其结构和性能的影响。结果表明,Mg/Fe摩尔比为3或4、pH值为9.5,在110 ℃条件下反应10 h,所制备的MgFe-LDH(Mg3Fe或Mg4Fe)结晶度最高,粒径均匀,结构规整。与Mg/Fe摩尔比为2的MgFe-LDH(Mg2Fe)相比,Mg3Fe或Mg4Fe在完全分解焙烧时,其层板结构保持稳定,具有较高的晶体结晶度、较多的催化活性位和较高的催化活性。以Mg3Fe金属氧化物为催化剂,在醇/油摩尔比为6时反应1.5 h,生物柴油产率可达87％;该催化剂循环使用3次,仍具一定催化活性。     

ICP OES Simultaneous Determination of Ca,Cu, Fe,Mg, Mn,Na, and P in Biodiesel by Axial and Radial Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry

Abstract

A simple and rapid method for the simultaneous determination of seven trace elements in biodiesel by axial and radial view Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP OES) is proposed, in which the sample is emulsified with Triton X-100 and water, and in which yttrium is employed as an internal standard. The better obtained quantification limits (10 s) were by axial view, 0.165, 0.099, 0.033, 0.007, 0.016, 0.132, 0.660 µg g^?1 for Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, and P, respectively, based on a sample mass of 1.0 g diluted to a final mass of 10 g in the analytical solution. Calibration was carried out with aqueous standards, thus avoiding the use of frequently instable organic standards. Elemental recoveries were in the range of 90 to 109% for all seven analytes studied, and also the precision of the method was satisfactory (RSD < 8%).     

负载的Ni催化剂上植物油脂加氢脱氧制备第二代生物柴油

在半连续反应器中,以棕榈酸甲酯为植物油脂模型化合物,进行了加氢脱氧制取高品质生物柴油燃料的研究。采用浸渍法制备了HY、SiO₂、γ-Al₂O₃及SAPO-11四种载体负载的Ni催化剂,采用XRD、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、BET、SEM等技术进行催化剂表征。结果表明,Ni/SAPO-11催化剂由于SAPO-11表面呈现的弱酸和中强酸性质,在保持较高的加氢脱氧反应性的同时,抑制了裂解反应的发生,具有较好的催化性能。进一步对SAPO-11上不同的Ni负载量、反应温度、反应压力等进行了研究,发现当Ni负载量为7%,反应温度为220℃,压力为2MPa时,催化剂具有较高的催化性能,棕榈酸甲酯的转化率达到了99.8%,C_9~16烷烃的总选择性为92.71%。     

微藻高油脂化基因工程研究策略

石化能源危机与全球气候变化已成为人类的两大重要难题。生物柴油作为可替代普通柴油的环境友好且可再生的能源受到普遍关注。相比植物油和动物脂肪生产,藻类油脂产率高且容易培养,被认为是未来生物柴油发展的重要原料之一。通过转基因技术强化油脂代谢途径,提高富油微藻含油量,已经成为新的研究热点。已有植物研究表明,增强甘油酯酰基转移酶表达,可以提高Kennedy途径代谢中间体通量,从而增加甘油三酯(TAG)的积累。本文综述了微藻油脂代谢途径的国内外研究现状和提高油脂积累的代谢调控策略;详细阐述了基于植物油脂合成强化的成功经验,通过增强微藻Kennedy途径对提高TAG生物合成的重要作用;讨论了当前转基因微藻的遗传转化方法及其需要解决的关键性科学技术问题;分析了基因工程技术调控微藻脂类代谢途径生产高油脂的可能性,并对该研究的发展进行了展望。     

多频超声反应槽连续强化酸化油酯交换制备生物柴油研究

以平均酸值高达33.07 mgKOH/g不可食用的廉价酸化油为原料,利用自行设计的多频超声溢流槽连续强化酯交换反应生物柴油生产装置,先后经预酯化、酯交换两步反应,高效、低耗的制备生物柴油。主要考察了室温下物料流量(停留时间)、超声功率、超声频率及组合、KOH用量、醇油物质的量比对酯交换反应的影响及单位产品能耗。结果表明,多频组合超声辐射比单频更有利于生物柴油的制备;预酯化后的油料在流量为25 L/h(物料停留时间为54 min),催化剂(KOH)用量为1.2%(质量分数),醇油物质的量比为6∶1和各反应槽功率为200 W的条件下,甲酯产率达96.83%。50 L废弃酸化油能制得符合国标GB19147—2009的生物柴油48L,整个生物柴油制备过程总耗时和总耗电量仅为8.667 h、5.42 kWh。     

Mass cultivation of various algal species and their evaluation as a potential candidate for lipid production

Microalgae have been proposed as a promising source for biodiesel production. Focusing on algal strains for biodiesel production, efforts should be made to search new strains. Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of growth parameters (nutrients, pH, light, aeration and temperature) and the oil percentage of eight algal strains (Chlorella sp., Cladophora sp., Hydrodictylium sp., Oedogonium sp., Oscillatoria sp., Spirogyra sp., Stigeocolonium sp., Ulothrix sp.). Results show that 6.5–7.5 is the optimum pH for the growth of all algal species. Temperature showed a greater variation (25°40°C). Ulothrix sp. gave more biomass productivity and is the most suitable strain for biodiesel production due to higher oil percentage (62%). Least biomass production was observed for Stigeocolonium sp. and least oil content was obtained from Hydrodictylium sp. It was observed that among these eight algal strains for biodiesel production, Ulothrix and Chlorella are the most promising algae species.     

顶空-气相色谱法测定B-100生物柴油中游离甲醇含量

建立了顶空-气相色谱测定B-100生物柴油中游离甲醇含量的方法.B-100生物柴油样品使用N,N-二甲基乙酰胺溶解,90℃下顶空平衡45 min,在HP-INNOWAX色谱柱上进行分离和测定.方法建立了外标法定量的标准曲线,相关系数r大于0.999,样品中甲醇质量分数的检出限为0.005%.对实际样品进行检测,相对标准偏差为4.96%~6.83%(n=6),加标回收率为92.0%~110%.方法操作简单、快速、重复性好,适用于B-100生物柴油中游离甲醇含量的测定.