高分子材料生物降解性能的分析研究进展

本文介绍了近年来生物降解材料降解方法的研究现状,主要从不同的降解环境,包括在堆肥环境、水性环境、惰性固体介质环境等进行的材料生物降解性能研究进行了比较、评述与展望。     

南极海洋芳香烃低温降解微生物的拉曼光谱分析

激光镊子拉曼光谱技术可以实现在自然状态下对单个细胞或细胞器较长时间的观察研究.应用激光镊子拉曼光谱技术实时观察南极微生物低温降解芳香烃过程中单个南极细菌的细胞生长和胞内生物大分子的动态变化过程,收集、分析其拉曼光谱,结果发现:单细胞的拉曼光谱反映了其细胞内部的生命物质组成,南极动球菌 NJ41 和希瓦氏菌 NJ49 生...     

Tissue engineering and peripheral nerve regeneration (III)

The biodegradation rate and biocompatibility of poly (d, / -lactide) (PDLLA)in vivo were evaluated. The aim of this study was to establish a nerve guide constructed by the PDLLA with 3-D microenvironment and to repair a 10 mm of sciatic nerve gap in rats. The process of the nerve regeneration was investigated by histological assessment, electrophysiological examination, and determination of wet weight recovery rate of the gastrocnemius muscle. After 3 weeks, the nerve guide had changed from a transparent to an opaque status. The conduit was degraded and absorbed partly and had lost their strength with breakage at the 9th week of postoperation. At the conclusion of 12 weeks, proximal and distal end of nerves were anastomosed by nerve regeneration and the conduit vanished completely. The results suggest that PDLLA conduits may serve for peripheral nerve regeneration and PDLLA is a sort of hopeful candidate for tissue engineering.     

Lignin biodegradation by the ascomyceteChrysonilia sitophila

The lignin biodegradation process has an important role in the carbon cycle of the biosphere. The study of this natural process has developed mainly with the use of basidiomycetes in laboratory investigations. This has been a logical approach since most of the microorganisms involved in lignocellulosic degradation belong to this class of fungi. However, other microorganisms such as ascomycetes and also some bacteria, are involved in the lignin decaying process. This work focuses on lignin biodegradation by a microorganism belonging to the ascomycete class,Chrysonilia sitophila. Lignin peroxidase production and characterization, mechanisms of lignin degradation (lignin model compounds and lignin in wood matrix) and biosynthesis of veratryl alcohol are outstanding. Applications of C.sitophila for effluent treatment, wood biodegradation and single-cell protein production are also discussed.     

Oxo-biodegradable full carbon backbone polymers - biodegradation behaviour of thermally oxidized polyethylene in an aqueous medium

Several demonstrations of the effective biodegradation in soil of pro-oxidant activated polyethylene (PE) have been reported recently. Nevertheless a comprehensive understanding of the ultimate fate in the environment of the oxidized fragments of oxo-biodegradable polyethylene materials needs the extension of the studies to other natural environments and in particular to aqueous media (river, lake, brackish and marine waters) where accidental plastic littering and the resulting degraded fragments eventually may end up.In this respect, as part of our continuing activity in the area of oxo-biodegradable polymeric materials, in the present paper we wish to report on the results attained in an ongoing investigation on the biodegradation in a water medium of thermally pre-oxidized low density polyethylene (LDPE) film samples containing pro-oxidant additives.Thermally oxidized LDPE-film samples and corresponding acetone extractable fractions were submitted to the effect of microorganism flora present in river water. The effective biodegradation was assessed by monitoring the amount of CO₂ developed over time in a respirometer apparatus. Levels of biodegradation up to 12 and 48% for the degraded fragments and corresponding fractions extracted with boiling acetone were detected on a 100-day time frame.     

Mechanistic implications of plastic degradation

Plastics have become an indispensable ingredient of human life. Their enormous use is a matter of great environmental and economic concern, which has motivated the researchers and the technologists to induce different degrees of degradations in the plastic. These degradations can be induced in a better way if their mechanistic implications are properly understood. A better understanding of the mechanism for these degradations is also advocated in order to facilitate the proper use of the alternative waste disposal strategies. In view of the facts concerning the plastic degradation, in this review article, we have discussed various types of polymeric degradations along with their mechanisms, which include photo-oxidative degradation, thermal degradation, ozone-induced degradation, mechanochemical degradation, catalytic degradation and biodegradation. This article also discusses the different methods used to study these degradations and the factors that affect these degradations.     

Confusion between dimethyl selenenyl sulfide and dimethyl selenone released by bacteria

Dimethyl selenone [(CH₃)₂SeO₂] has been reported in the literature as a metabolite released by bacteria in contact with selenium metal or selenium salts. In this study, mass spectral, chromatographic, and boiling-point data are presented that show that dimethyl selenone has been confused with dimethyl selenenyl sulfide (CH₃SeSCH₃). In addition, the headspaces above monocultures of selenium-resistant bacteria were examined using gas chromatography followed by fluorine-induced chemiluminescence detection. A number of alkyl sulfur and selenium species were detected, along with dimethyl selenenyl sulfide. A pathway from oxidized selenium salts to reduced methylated selenides and dimethyl selenenyl sulfide is also presented.     

Characterization of polylactic acid green composites and its biodegradation in a bacterial environment

The growing interest in the preservation of our environment is pushing for solutions to develop less impacting materials. Thus, the development of biocomposites and is recyclable and compostable end-of-life resources seem an interesting alternative. In this study, the characterization of Polylactic acid (PLA) reinforced with treated and untreated Olive husk flour (OHF) were investigated. More then, their biodegradation with a Bacillus sp. has been evaluated. The main results show that the bacteria degraded both the PLA and the composite. This degradation was confirmed by the release of reducing sugars as well as increasing weight loss of PLA matrix and composites.     

Development of a membrane-based vapor-phase bioreactor

A vapor-phase bioreactor has been developed utilizing porous metal membranes in a cylindrical design employing radial flow as opposed to traditional axial flow for the vapor stream. The system was evaluated for the biodegradation ofp-xylene (p-xylene) from a water-saturated air stream byPseudomonas putida ATCC 23973 immobilized onto sand. The biocatalyst was placed in the annular space between two cylindrical, porous stainless-steel membranes. Details of the reactor system are presented along with biological data verifying system performance. The feed flow rate andp-xylene concentration were varied between 60 and 130 cm³/min and 15–150 ppm, respectively. Continuous reactor operation was maintained for 80–200 h with removal efficiencies (based onp-xylene disappearance) between 80 and 95%. The effluent concentration histories were compared to determine the operating range of the bioreactor.     

In vivo Degradation and histocompatibility of a novel class of fluorescent copolyanhydrides, poly{[di(p-carboxyphenyl) succinate]-co-(sebacic anhydride)}

In this work, the in vivo degradation and tissue compatibility of a novel class of inherently fluorescent copolyanhydrides, P(dCPS:SA), were investigated. It was found that the degradation of the copolyanhydrides increased with the increase of SA content in the copolymers. The in vivo degradation rate of the copolymers was slower than that studied in vitro. A surface erosion characteristic of the copolyanhydrides was revealed by SEM and fluorescent microscopy. Mild inflammatory reactions were observed on days 6 and 10 after implantation for all the studied copolymers. By the end of 30 d, there were almost no inflammation reactions taking place.