伸缩张量率的抽象表示

本文用“主轴内蕴法”给出右-左伸缩张量 U 和 V 的时间导数 U 和 V 的抽象表示。文中引进所谓“分离技巧”,使能有效地应用张量函数的标准表示。V 的表达式是新的。还给出U 和 V 的两个新关系式。     

Shear-induced phase separation in cationic surfactant solutions around a rotating sphere

The results of an experimental investigation of the flow of a highly dilute cationic surfactant solution (tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide with added sodium salicylate as counterion, equimolar 2.4mM) around a rotating sphere are presented. The flow and the shear-induced phase transition are visualized by means of a Toepler Schlieren optics. The buildup of the shear-induced structures occurs only above a critical shear rate. Once this critical value is exceeded the shear-induced phase separation starts after a characteristic deformation with the shear rate reduced by the critical one. Further analysis of the obtained data is performed on basis of an analytical calculation of the flow around a rotating sphere in a second order fluid (Thomas and Walters, 1964; Giesekus, 1965). From some characteristic features of the shear-induced structures as induction time and position the parameter describing the elastic properties of the fluid is estimated. Received: 6 January 1998 Accepted: 1 May 1998     

Drag Reduction of a Circular Cylinder Using an Upstream Rod

Experimental studies on the drag reduction of the circular cylinder were conducted by pressure measurement at a Reynolds number of 82 000 (based on the cylinder diameter). A rod was placed upstream of and parallel to the cylinder to control the flow around the cylinder. The upstream rod can reduce the resultant force of the cylinder at various spacing between the rod and the cylinder for α < 5^∘(α defined as the staggered angle of the rod and the cylinder). For α > 10^∘, the resultant force coefficient has a large value, so the upstream rod cannot reduce the force on the cylinder any more. For α = 0^∘ and d/D = 0.5 (where d and D are the diameter of the rod and the cylinder, respectively), the maximum drag of the cylinder reduces to 2.34% that of the single cylinder. The mechanism of the drag reduction of the cylinder with an upstream rod in tandem was presented by estimating the local contributions to the drag reduction of the pressure variation. In the staggered arrangement, the flow structures have five flow patterns (they are the cavity mode, the wake splitting mode, the wake merge mode, the weak boundary layer interaction mode and the negligible interaction mode) according to the pressure distribution and the hydrogen bubble flow visualization. The half plane upwind of the cylinder can be divided to four regions, from which one can easily estimates the force acting on the circular cylinder with an upstream rod in staggered arrangement.     

Étude du contrôle du décollement sur un profil d'aile par mesures PIV et analyse PODStudy of separation control on a wing profile using PIV measurements and POD analysis

The purpose of this study is the active control of flow separation on an ONERA D airfoil, using continuous blowing microjets. Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is used to measure velocity fields at midspan around the airfoil in both controlled and uncontrolled cases. Post-processing based on Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) is developed to exhibit the main energetic features of the flow. Therefore, the detailed study of the POD modes for separated and stalled cases leads to a better understanding of the control mechanisms. Moreover, the POD basis computed for uncontrolled and controlled cases, opens the way to optimisation of control strategies. To cite this article: J. Favier, A. Kourta, C. R. Mecanique 334 (2006).     

Separation zones in the flow near a small-angle convex corner

On the basis of an asymptotic analysis of the Navier-Stokes system of equations for large Reynolds numbers (Re → ∞), the plane incompressible fluid flow near a surface having a convex corner with a small angle 2θ* is investigated. It is shown that for θ* = O(Re^?1/4), in addition to the known solution that describes a separated flow completely localized in a thin “viscous” sublayer of the interaction region near the corner point, another solution corresponding to a flow with a developed separation zone is possible. For θ ₀ = Re^1/4 θ* = O(1), the longitudinal dimension of this zone varies from finite values up to values of the order of Re^?3/8. The nonuniqueness of the solution is established on a certain range of variation of the parameter θ ₀. The dependence of the drag coefficient on the angle θ* is found.     

Supersonic flow past a wedge on a flat plate. Laminar boundary layer separation and reattachment

Supersonic laminar flow past a two-dimensional “flat-plate/wedge“ configuration is numerically investigated. The pressures at the boundary layer separation and reattachment points are calculated over wide Mach and Reynolds number ranges. The minimum angles of the wedge surface inclination at which a return flow occurs are determined. The results are presented in the form of generalized Mach-number-dependences of the theoretical pressure on the wedge surface initiating boundary layer separation and the pressure at the boundary layer reattachment point.     

Effect of a Thin Longitudinal Inviscid Vortex on a Two-Dimensional Pre-Separation Boundary Layer

For large Reynolds numbers, an asymptotic solution of the Navier-Stokes equations describing the effect of a thin longitudinal vortex with a constant circulation on the development of an incompressible steady two-dimensional laminar boundary layer on a flat plate is obtained. It is established that, in a narrow wall region extending along the vortex filament, the viscous flow is described by the 3-D boundary layer equations. A solution of these equations for small values of the vortex circulation is studied. It is found that the solution of the two-dimensional pre-separation boundary layer equations collapses. This is attributable to the singular behavior of the 3-D disturbances near the zero-longitudinal-friction points.     

钙钛矿锰氧化物(La1-xGdx)4/3Sr5/3Mn2O7 (x=0, 0.025) 磁性和输运性质研究

采用传统的高温固相烧结法制备了双层钙钛矿锰氧化物(La_1-xGd_x)_4/3Sr_5/3Mn₂ O₇ (x=0, 0.025)多晶样品. 通过X射线衍射仪研究发现样品为Sr₃Ti₂O₇型四方结构, 空间群为I4/mmm; 磁性测量表明, Gd³⁺掺杂后的样品(La_0.975Gd_0.025)_4/3Sr_5/3Mn₂O₇的三维磁有序转变温度(T_C1^3D)、磁化强度(M)均降低, 这是由于Gd³⁺的掺杂引起晶格的畸变, 从而使得晶格常数发生改变, 减弱了铁磁耦合而导致的; 通过电子自旋共振谱测量发现, 在T_C^3D<T<300 K温度范围内, 两样品在顺磁的基体上均有短程的铁磁团簇存在, 出现了相分离现象. 电性测量表明: 两样品分别在T_C1^3D (La_4/3Sr_5/3Mn₂O₇ 样品的三维磁有序转变温度, T_C0^3D)<T<300 K温度范围内均以三维变程跳跃的方式导电, 分析得出Gd³⁺的掺杂使得载流子局域长度的减小. 这表明载流子需要吸收更多的能量才能克服晶格的束缚进行跳跃, 因此(La_0.975Gd_0.025)_4/3Sr_5/3Mn₂ O₇ 样品的电阻较高.     

Hydrodynamic lift of vesicles and red blood cells in flow — from Fåhræus & Lindqvist to microfluidic cell sorting

Hydrodynamic lift forces acting on cells and particles in fluid flow receive ongoing attention from medicine, mathematics, physics and engineering. The early findings of Fåhræus & Lindqvist on the viscosity change of blood with the diameter of capillaries motivated extensive studies both experimentally and theoretically to illuminate the underlying physics. We review this historical development that led to the discovery of the inertial and non-inertial lift forces and elucidate the origins of these forces that are still not entirely clear. Exploiting microfluidic techniques induced a tremendous amount of new insights especially into the more complex interactions between the flow field and deformable objects like vesicles or red blood cells. We trace the way from the investigation of single cell dynamics to the recent developments of microfluidic techniques for particle and cell sorting using hydrodynamic forces. Such continuous and label-free on-chip cell sorting devices promise to revolutionize medical analyses for personalized point-of-care diagnosis. We present the state-of-the-art of different hydrodynamic lift-based techniques and discuss their advantages and limitations.