Phase‐vanishing methods based on fluorous phase screen: A simple way for efficient execution of organic synthesis

The phase‐vanishing (PV) method is based on spontaneous reaction controlled by diffusion of reagents into fluorous media, such as perfluorohexanes (FC‐72) and polyperfluoroethers. Thus, the original PV reaction utilizes a triphasic test tube method composed of a bottom reagent phase, a middle fluorous phase, and a top substrate phase. In such a triphasic system, the fluorous phase acts as a liquid membrane to transport the bottom reagents to the top organic phase containing substrates. In the end, the bottom layer disappears and two phases remain. Since the first demonstration of the PV method by bromination of alkenes with molecular bromine, a number of applications have been developed thus far. These include halogenation of alcohols with SOBr₂ and PBr₃, demethylation of methoxyarenes with BBr₃, cyclopropanation of alkenes by CH₂I₂‐AlEt₃, and Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds with SnCl₄. A fluorous triphasic U‐tube method is effective for chlorination of alcohols based on lighter (less dense) reagents such as SOCl₂ and PCl₃. A system using a solution containing reagents as a bottom phase is useful for oxidation with m‐CPBA, which may be defined as a new category for the “extractive PV” method. Recent advances include a “quadraphasic” PV method, in which an aqueous “scavenger” phase is added to the original triphasic PV method to remove acidic by‐products. © 2008 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 8: 351–363; 2008: Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20161     

RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA体系在空气中对苄醇的选择性氧化

对RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA体系催化空气氧化苄醇的反应进行了详细研究,结果表明在RuCl3·3H2O/DCHA的催化下,苄醇被有效地氧化成相应的醛.重要的是该催化体系具有较好的化学选择性,对苯甲醇和1-苯基乙醇的混合物,能高选择性地氧化苯甲醇,而后者基本不被氧化;对含伯羟基和仲羟基的3-(1'-羟乙基)苯甲醇和4-(1'-羟乙基)苯甲醇,能高选择性地氧化伯羟基,而仲羟基大部分不被氧化.该反应具有反应条件温和、操作简单、化学选择性好等特点.     

Iron-mediated cross dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) of terminal alkynes with benzylic ethers and alkanes

Iron-mediated sp-sp3 C-C bond formation through the cross dehydrogenative coupling(CDC) of terminal alkynes with benzylic ethers or alkanes has been developed.The inexpensive iron salt is used as the catalyst to make this transformation environmentally benign.Iron-mediated sp-sp3 C-C bond formation through the cross dehydrogenative coupling(CDC) of terminal alkynes with benzylic ethers or alkanes has been developed.The inexpensive iron salt is used as the catalyst to make this transformation environmentally benign.     

Selective Benzylic and Allylic Alkylation of Protic Nucleophiles with Sulfonamides through Double Lewis Acid Catalyzed Cleavage of sp3 Carbon–Nitrogen Bonds

The acid‐catalyzed benzylic and allylic alkylation of protic nucleophiles is fundamentally important for the formation of carbon? carbon and carbon? heteroatom bonds, and it is a formidable challenge for benzylic and allylic amine derivatives to be used as the alkylating agents. Herein we report a highly efficient benzylic and allylic alkylation of protic carbon and sulfur nucleophiles with sulfonamides through double Lewis acid catalyzed cleavage of sp³ carbon–nitrogen bonds at room temperature. In the presence of a catalytic amount of inexpensive ZnCl₂‐TMSCl (TMSCl: chlorotrimethylsilane), 1,3‐diketones, β‐keto esters, β‐keto amides, malononitrile, aromatic compounds, thiols, and thioacetic acid can couple with a broad range of tosyl‐activated benzylic and allylic amines to give diversely functionalized products in good to excellent yields and with high regioselectivity. Furthermore, the cross‐coupling reaction of 1,3‐dicarbonyl compounds with benzylic propargylic amine derivatives has been successfully applied to the one‐step synthesis of polysubstituted furans and benzofurans.     

Developments in the synthesis of α,α-dibromoacetophenones and related compounds

Increasing demand of α,α-dibromoketones, as highly reactive and easy-to-handle precursors to carry out selective organic transformations, to synthesize heterocyclic compounds of therapeutic interest and lack of any compilation on this subject prompted us to assemble the methods available for their synthesis.     

Synthetic utility of gem-dibromomethylarenes in organic synthesis

Gem-dibromomethylarenes are considered as one of the valuable building blocks in the synthetic field because of their broad range of synthetic applications. These synthons serve as useful intermediates in accessing a varied range of (hetero) aromatic frameworks that can act as vital scaffolds in agrochemicals, medicinal chemistry, material sciences, etc. The additional organic transformations that can be performed using these vital reagents highlights its significance in the area of organic synthesis. This review aims at displaying some discoveries and subsequent improvements of this vital intermediate as an important building block in organic transformations.     

4,4-Dialkyl-substituted N-Methylmorpholinium 3,5-Dicyano-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-thiolates and Some of Their Properties

4,4-Dialkyl-substituted N-methylmorpholinium 3,5-dicyano-6-oxo-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine-2-thiolates were synthesized by the condensation of 2-alkyl-2-cyanoethyl crotonates with cyanothioacetamide and N-methylmorpholine. They were used for the production of substituted 2-alkylthio-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridines, 2-acetylthio-1,4,5,6,-tetrahydropyridine, 6-hydrazino-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine, and 2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine. The structure of 6-bromo-3-bromomethyl-6,8-dicyano-7,7-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,7-hexahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyridine was proved by X-ray crystallographic analysis.     

Activation and Deactivation of Benzylic C−H Bonds Guided by Stereoelectronic Effects in Hydrogen Atom Transfer from Amides and Amines to Alkoxyl Radicals

Kinetic and product studies on the reactions of tert-alkoxyl radicals with secondary and tertiary alkanamides bearing benzylic α-C−H bonds, isoindoline, tetrahydroisoquinoline and the corresponding N-acetyl derivatives were carried out. Product studies on the reactions with the tert-butoxyl radical (tBuO⋅) point toward exclusive HAT from the benzylic α-C−H bonds. Comparison of the k_H values measured for reaction with the cumyloxyl radical (CumO⋅) with those obtained previously for the corresponding reactions of N-alkyl- and N,N-dialkylalkanamides, are indicative of a lack of benzylic activation and the operation of steric and stereoelectronic effects. Compared to N-methyl and N-ethyl groups, the presence of N-benzyl groups increases the barrier required to reach the optimal conformation for HAT, where the α-C−H bond to be cleaved is perpendicular to the plane of the amide, precluding concurrent overlap with the phenyl π-system. When the benzylic α-C−H bonds are in a conformation that allows for optimal overlap with both the phenyl π-system and the amide π-system or amine nitrogen lone pair, as in the isoindoline and tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives, increases in k_H that exceed 2-orders of magnitude were observed, highlighting the strong contribution provided by stereoelectronic activation to these HAT processes.     

One-pot syntheses of α,α-dibromoacetophenones from aromatic alkenes with 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin

A novel method for the preparation of α,α-dibromoacetophenones from aromatic alkenes was reported. This procedure was mediated by 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin, which served as bifunctional reagent, proceeding oxidation and bromination in one-pot.