论卤盐养生（8）

卤盐（包括食盐）是中国矿物药的重要组成部分。从文化价值、临床应用和情志调摄3个方面诠释了卤盐的养生学意义,并全面、详细地阐述了食盐对中国古代文化的四大贡献、6种盐类的现代临床应用价值以及盐湖旅游的6项要素;列举了160多个盐湖卤水的主要化学成分、矿化度或微量元素;摘录了论述卤盐主治功用的古今文献。本文分期刊出。     

Accelerated solvent extraction and pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatographic purification of yunaconitine and 8‐deacetylyunaconitine from Aconitum vilmorinianum Kom

This study aimed to seek an efficient method to extract and purify yunaconitine and 8‐deacetylyunaconitine from Aconitum vilmorinianum Kom. by accelerated solvent extraction combined with pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography. The major extraction parameters for accelerated solvent extraction were optimized by an orthogonal test design L₉ (3)⁴. Then a separation and purification method was established using pH‐zone‐refining counter‐current chromatography with a two‐phase solvent system composed of petroleum ether/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (5:5:2:8, v/v) with 10 mM triethylamine in the upper phase and 10 mM HCl in the lower phase. From 2 g crude extract, 224 mg of 8‐deacetylyunaconitine (I) and 841 mg of yunaconitine (II) were obtained with a purity of over 98.0%. The chemical structures were identified by ESI‐MS and ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy.     

Screening of aromatase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicines by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis in a partially filled capillary

An electrophoretically mediated microanalysis method with partial filling technique was developed for screening aromatase inhibitors in traditional Chinese medicine. The in‐capillary enzymatic reaction was performed in 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4), and sodium phosphate buffer (20 mM, pH 8.0) was used as a background electrolyte. A long plug of coenzyme reduced β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′‐phosphate hydrate dissolved in the reaction buffer was hydrodynamically injected into a fused silica capillary followed by the injection of reaction buffer, enzyme, and substrate solution. The reaction was initiated with a voltage of 5 kV applied to the capillary for 40 s. The voltage was turned off for 20 min to increase the product amount and again turned on at a constant voltage of 20 kV to separate all the components. Direct detection was performed at 260 nm. The enzyme activity was directly assayed by measuring the peak area of the produced β‐nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate and the decreased peak area indicated the aromatase inhibition. Using the Lineweaver–Burk equation, the Michaelis–Menten constant was calculated to be 50 ± 4.5 nM. The method was applied to the screening of aromatase inhibitors from 15 natural products. Seven compounds were found to have potent AR inhibitory activity.     

A new strategy based on cholesterol-functionalized iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles for determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by high-performance liquid chromatography with cholesterol column

This study reported for the first time the use of cholesterol-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles (Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@Chol) for the determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in traditional Chinese medicine samples (TCMs) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with fluorescence detection. The method was efficient, environmentally friendly, and fast. The solvent consumption of the proposed column is only half of the conventional column but with higher efficiency. Influencing factors, including sorbent amount, desorption solvent, sample volume and extraction time, were investigated in detail. Under the optimum conditions, good linearity (R² > 0.991) was obtained over the range of 5–400 ng g⁻¹, with limits of detection (LOD) 0.75, 0.50, 1.0, 0.56, 0.60, 0.84 and 0.80 ng g⁻¹ for anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(k)fluoranthene, respectively.     

中国煤中溴的含量及分布

在测试分析中国27个省、直辖市和自治区的305个煤样中溴含量的基础上,从煤的不同成煤年代、不同变质程度以及不同聚煤区等方面分析和考查中国煤中溴的分布状况。结果表明,中国煤中溴的含量为0.12~69.66μg/g,因其对数值呈正态分布,故可用其几何平均值(7.04μg/g)表征中国煤中溴的含量,该值低于大多数其他国家煤中溴的平均含量,和日本煤中溴的平均值(7.10μg/g)较为接近。按煤中溴的平均值,中国13个省市小于5μg/g;9个省为5~15μg/g;5个省市高于15μg/g。根据煤的变质程度,中国煤中溴含量按照烟煤、无烟煤、褐煤、次烟煤顺序依次下降;根据成煤地质年代,按早石炭纪、新近纪、晚石炭纪、早二叠纪、中侏罗纪、晚三叠纪、早侏罗纪、晚侏罗纪、古近纪、中石炭纪依次下降;根据聚煤区,按西北、华北、华南、滇藏和东北聚煤区依次下降。中国煤中溴的分布受多种因素的影响,任何单一因素和其没有密切的相关性。     

Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetics study of tigecycline in human serum using a validated sensitive liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method

Tigecycline, a novel intravenously administered glycylcycline antibiotic, currently plays a key role in the management of complicated multiorganism infections. However, current liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry methods briefly describe parameters and the only reported internal standard was sometimes difficult to obtain. In our study, an updated liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantitative analysis of tigecycline in human serum was developed. Sample preparation involved precipitation with 20% trichloroacetic acid. Chromatographic separation of tigecycline and tetracycline (internal standard) was achieved on a Hypersil GOLD C₁₈ column using gradient elution. The selected reaction monitoring transitions were performed at m/z 586.1→513.2 for tigecycline and m/z 445.1→410.2 for tetracycline. The assay was linear over the concentration range of 5–2000 ng/mL. The intra‐ and interday precisions at three concentration levels (10, 100, and 1600 ng/mL) were <15% and their accuracies were within the range of 95.1–106.1%. The mean recovery ranged from 94.3 to 105.6% and the matrix effect from 92.1 to 97.6%. Tigecycline was stable under all tested conditions. This validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study in critically ill patients. The data demonstrated that our method allows quantification of tigecycline in serum in a quick and reliable manner for widespread application.     

Static headspace‐multicapillary column with gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry as a simple approach for the discrimination of crude and processed traditional Chinese medicines

The processing procedure can alter the nature and chemical transformation of traditional Chinese medicine to accommodate different clinical dispensing and preparation requirements. In this study, static headspace‐multicapillary column with gas chromatography coupled to ion mobility spectrometry was developed for the rapid and sensitive discrimination of crude and processed traditional Chinese medicine. Using Radix Paeoniae Alba as a traditional Chinese medicine model, the combined power of this approach was illustrated by classifying the crude and processed Radix Paeoniae Alba samples into two main categories. The contents of the main components in Radix Paeoniae Alba varied significantly. The established method could promote the use of ion mobility spectrometry in intrinsic quality control and differentiation of herbal medicines from other processed products or preparations.     

模拟体内微环境筛选与肿瘤细胞作用的中药活性成分

利用三维(3D)细胞反应器模拟体内微环境,建立了一种与肿瘤细胞作用的活性分子的筛选和分析方法.利用药物与三维细胞反应器中活肿瘤细胞和固化肿瘤细胞分别作用后的HPLC生物指纹谱峰面积之间有无显著性差异,建立了与细胞结合的活性成分的筛选识别模型.已知抗肿瘤药物紫杉醇和白藜声醇的谱峰均具有显著性差异,而非抗肿瘤药物酮洛芬和青霉素G的谱峰均没有显著性差异,证明利用该模型筛选识别与细胞结合的活性成分是可行的.此外,应用该模型从中草药桃儿七提取物中筛选出了7种可作用于Lovo细胞的活性成分.此研究提供了一种模拟体内微环境下与肿瘤细胞作用的活性成分的筛选和分析方法,在药物发现环节,特别是中草药活性成分研究中具有潜在的应用价值.     

PBL教学模式在中美高校化学实验课教学中应用的对比研究

因课程设置、学情等不同, PBL教学模式在中美高校化学实验课的实施过程中各具特色。本文从教材、课程考核、师资培训、研究机构和基金等4个角度客观分析PBL教学模式在中美2国高校化学实验课应用中的差异,并在此基础之上提出,应该客观公正地看待这种差异,树立文化自信。     

Hydrochemistry of an ancient traditional irrigation reservoir in Padaviya,Sri Lanka

Padaviya Wewa Reservoir constructed in 2nd century BC is an important traditional reservoir in Sri Lanka. The construction and the use of these traditional Sri Lankan reservoirs are different from modern large-scale hydroelectric and multi-purpose reservoirs in Sri Lanka and the rest of the world. The hydrochemistry of these unique water bodies has been rarely studied and understood. In this study, depth-wise distribution of Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and As and their correlation with pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, temperature, BOD, COD, and total phosphate were investigated to identify the mechanisms that drive the water quality in Padaviya Wewa Reservoir. There is a well distinguishable chemical gradient from the surface to the bottom of the water column suggesting that Padaviya is not a well-mixed water body even though the maximum water depth during the study period was 4.75 m. There was a strong negative correlation between Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cd and DO in both surface and bottom waters. In addition, a strong positive correlation between Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, and As, and total phosphate was observed in bottom waters. The suggested driving force behind the depth-wise distribution of chemical species is intense biological activities in the reservoir. The weak thermal stratification is strengthened by photosynthesis at the surface waters and organic matter degradation at bottom of the reservoir. The end-result of these biological activities are oxygen rich surface waters with low concentrations of nutrients and metal ions and oxygen depleted bottom waters with higher concentrations of nutrients and metal ions.