Oxidation Behaviour of PACVD-(Ti,Al)N Wear Resistance Layers

 Sputtered (Ti,Al)N hard coatings are successfully used for dry high speed cutting. These films show a lower oxidation rate than TiN or TiC coatings. In our work (Ti,Al)N films were deposited on WC-6%Co substrates at a temperature of 490°C by plasma-assisted chemical vapour deposition (PACVD) using a gas mixture of TiCl₄/AlCl₃/N₂/Ar/H₂. Investigation of microstructure, crystalline structure and chemical composition was carried out using SEM, WDXS, TEM, AES and XRD techniques. The chemical composition of the deposited films showed a Al to Ti ratio of 1.33. The film thickness was 5.5 μm. Films showed a fine crystalline size, the metastable fcc crystal structure and a columnar growth. The film surface was under low compressive stress up to several 100 MPa. For (Ti,Al)N/WC-Co compounds the oxidation behaviour up to 1100°C (high temperature range) was studied. Therefore, samples were annealed or rapidly heated in air and under high vacuum condition using the laser shock method. The results show decomposition of the (Ti,Al)N structure to the TiN and the AlN phases at temperature values above 900°C. Heating in air causes growing of a thin aluminum oxide layer at the film surface, which is a barrier for further oxygen diffusion to the alumina-film boundary. Additionally, at temperatures above 900°C oxidation of the WC-6%Co substrate surface was obtained in regions of opened cracks and film delamination.     

高聚物SHPB试验中试件早期应力不均匀性的影响

本文详细分析了在高聚物 SHPB 试验中,试件内部早期应力不均匀性的产生过程以及它对获得应力应变曲线的影响,提出消除这种不均匀性的修正方法。对线性粘弹性材料所做的数值模拟为分析提供了依据;采用新方法处理实测数据给出了较满意的结果.     

硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料动态力学性能的研究

介绍了用分离式Ｈｏｐｋｉｎｓｏｎ压杆对硬质聚氨酯泡沫塑料（ＲＰＵＦ）进行的一种高应变率实验，第一次完整地给出了ＲＰＵＦ在１０￣３ｓ￣（－１）高应变率下的动态应力应变曲线，并对ＲＰＵＦ的动态力学性能及其吸能缓冲机理作了简单的分析。     

Origin of the division of labour and a stochastic mechanism of differentiation

Nonlinear models are introduced to describe the nonequilibrium dynamics of social evolution. The difference between Western and Oriental culture, and their roles in the origin in the division of labour, are described by a behavioural model in information diffusion and learning competition. It shows a tradeoff between stability and diversity. The stochastic mechanism of social differentiation and the empirical evidence for this is discussed in a stochastic model of multi-staged development. It shows the breakdown of the Gaussian distribution during a transition. Finally, an ideal model of social bifurcation is given.     

Universal dynamics of dilute and semidilute solutions of flexible linear polymers

Experimental observations and computer simulations have recently revealed universal aspects of polymer solution behaviour that were previously unknown. This progress has been made possible because of developments in experimental methodologies and simulation techniques and the formulation of scaling arguments that have identified the proper scaling variables with which to achieve data collapse, both for equilibrium and nonequilibrium properties. In this review, these advances in our understanding of universal polymer solution behaviour are discussed, along with a brief overview of prior experimental observations and theoretical predictions to provide a context for the discussion. Properties for which the existence of universality is still unclear, and those for which it has not yet been verified theoretically are highlighted, and theoretical predictions of universal behaviour that require experimental validation are pointed out.     

Thermal and magnetic properties of lanthanide based metal-organic complex: Neodymium tartrate trihydrate

Single crystals of a lanthanide metal organic complex neodymium tartrate trihydrate have been synthesized. Scanning electron microscope reveals the morphology of single crystals as dipyramidal. X-ray crystal structure analyses reveal that the complex has tetragonal structure. The effect of ligand on the magnetic moment of Nd ion was studied. The elemental analyses, infrared spectra and thermogravimetric behaviour of the complex were also studied. The activation energies corresponding to different stages of decomposition were also calculated.     

Dependence of developing magnetic hysteresis characteristics on stages of evolving microstructure in polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet

The microstructure evolution in several polycrystalline yttrium iron garnet samples as a result of a sintering scheme was studied in detail, in parallel with the changes in their magnetic properties. Samples with nanometer sized starting powder were synthesized by employing the High-Energy Ball Milling technique and then sintering toroidal compacts of the milled powder. Nine sintered samples were obtained, each corresponding to a particular sintering from 600 °C to 1400 °C. The samples were characterized for their evolution in crystalline phases, microstructure and magnetic hysteresis-loops parameters. The results showed an increasing tendency of the saturation magnetization and saturation induction with grain size, which is attributed to crystallinity increase and to reduction of demagnetizing fields in the grains. The variation in coercivity could be related to anisotropy field changes within the samples due to grain size changes. In particular, the starting appearance of room temperature ferromagnetic order suggested by the sigmoid-shaped B-H loops seems to be dependent on a sufficient number of large enough magnetic domain-containing grains having been formed in the microstructure. Viewed simultaneously, the hysteresis loops appear to belong to three groups with different magnetism-type dominance, respectively dependent on phase purity and three different groups of grain size distributions.     

A concept of local metric entropy for finite-time nonautonomous dynamical systems

We introduce a concept of entropy for difference and differential equations which is a local-in-space and transient-in-time version of the classical concept of metric entropy. Based on that, a finite-time (or transient) version of Pesin’s entropy theorem and also an explicit formula of finite-time entropy for 2-D systems are derived.     

Induced Nematic Phase of New Synthesized Laterally Fluorinated Azo/Ester Derivatives

A new series of laterally fluorinated mesomorphic compounds, namely 2-fluoro-4-((4-(alkyloxy)phenyl)diazenyl)phenyl 4-substitutedbenzoate (In_x) were prepared and evaluated for their mesophase behavior. The synthesized series constitutes five members that possess different terminally attached polar groups (X). Their molecular structures were confirmed by elemental analyses and both FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. Examination of the prepared derivatives was conducted via experimental and theoretical tools. Mesomorphic investigations were carried by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). DSC and POM measurements indicated that except for the un-substituted analogue, all other derivatives were purely nematogenic, possessing their nematic (N) mesophase enantiotropically. This is to say that insertions of terminal polar substituents on their mesogenic structures induced the N phase. In addition, the location of lateral and terminal polar moieties played a considerable role in achieving good thermal N stability. Computational calculations were investigated to determine the deduced optimized molecular structures. Theoretical data indicated that both size and polarity of the terminal substituent (X) have essential impact on the thermal parameters and optical properties of possible geometries.